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2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题（一）
Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)
Directions； For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on learning and then explain why education doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information. You should write at least IW words hut no more than 180 words.
"Once I learn how to use Google, isn’t that all the education I really need?"
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions： In this section, you will hear H short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will he asked about what ms said. Both the conversation and the questions^^11 be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, You must read the choices marked A),B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1. A) The woman is now working in a kindergarten.
B) The man will soon start a business of his own.
C) The man would like to be a high school teacher.
D) The woman is going to major in child education.
2. A) The furniture has to be rearranged.
B) The sound equipment has to be set up.
C) The conference room has to be cleaned.
D) The video machine has to be checked.
3. A) She is exhausted. C) She cannot finish work in time.
B) She is near-sighted. D) She cannot go straight home.
4. A) The woman is too particular about food.
B) He would rather have a meal an hour later.
C) The woman should order her food quickly.
D) He usually prefers ice-cream to sandwiches.
5. A) He is not a good mechanic.
B) He doesn’t keep his promises.
C) He spends his spare time doing repairs.
D) He is always ready to offer help to others.
6. A) Sam has a big family to support.
B) Sam is not interested in traveling.
C) The pay offered by the travel agency is too low.
D) The work hours in the travel agency are too long.
7. A) International trade.
B) Product development.
C) Financial consulting.
D) Domestic retailing.
8. A) Go on a business trip.
B) Look for a job in Miami.
C) Make a ticket reservation.
D) Take a vacation
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9. A) It is located on Route 18. C) It is a beautiful little town.
B) It has an interesting museum. D) It lies seven miles east of Newton.
10. A) They are in opposite directions. C) They are quite close to each other.
B) They are fifty-five miles apart. D) They are a long drive from Norwalk.
11. A) They are connected by Route 7. C) They have lots of old houses.
B) They are crowded with tourists. D) They have many rare plants.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
12. A) Bring him up to date on the current situation in Milan.
B) Inform him of the arrangements for his trip in Italy.
C) Fetch the documents signed by Mr. Gartner.
D) Accompany Mr. Gartner to the Linate airport
13. A) About 8:30. C) About 5:30.
B) About 6:30. D) About 4:15.
14. A) Mr. Gartner from Milan. C) The company's sales representative
B) Gianni Riva at Megastar D) Gavin from the Chamber of Commerce
15. A) Travel agent. C) Secretary.
B) Business manager. D) Saleswoman
Section B
Directions； In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A ), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Passage One
Questions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A) She had a desire to help others. C) She needed some overseas experience.
B) She wanted to find out more about it. D) She was interested in farming.
17. A) Carry out a cultural exchange program. C) Learn Portuguese.
B) Work on an agricultural project. D) Teach English.
18. A) She found it difficult to secure a job in her own country.
B) She wanted to renew her contact with the Peace Corps.
C) She was invited to work as an English teacher.
D) She could not get the country out of her mind.
19. A) By teaching additional English classes.
B) By writing stories for American newspapers.
C) By working part time for the Peace Corps.
D) By doing odd jobs for local institutions.
Passage Two
Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.
20. A) Time spent exercising. C) Time spent on leisure activities.
B) Time spent working. D) Time spent with friends and family.
21. A) Reading. C) Eating out.
B) Surfing the Web. D) Watching TV.
22. A) Driving. C) Going to the pub.
B) Gardening. D) Visiting friends.
Passage Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
23. A) The car driver was trying to avoid hitting a rabbit.
B) The car driver was partly responsible for the accident.【2013年四级考试】
C) McLaughlin was talking to his manager while driving.
D) McLaughlin’s carelessness resulted in the collision.
24. A) He crashed into a car parked there. C) He tore down the company's main gate.
B) He knocked down several mailboxes. D) He did serious damage to a loaded truck.
25. A) He will lose his job. C) He will be fined heavily.
B) He will have to pay damages. D) He will receive retraining.
Section C
Directions：In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time，you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
When Captain Cook asked the chiefs in Tahiti why they always ate 26 , they replied, "Because it is right." If we ask Americans why they eat with knives and forks, or why their men wear pants 27 skirts, or why they may be married to only one person at a time, we are likely to get 28 and very uninformative answers:" Because it’s right." "Because that’s the way it’s done." "Because it’s the 29 " Or even "I don't know." The reason for these and countless other patterns of social behavior is that they are 30 by social norms-shared rules or guidelines which prescribe the behavior that is appropriate in a given situation. Norms 31 how people "ought" to behave under particular circumstances in a particular society. We conform (遵守）to norms so readily that we are hardly aware they 32 In fact, we are much more likely to
notice 33 from norms than conformity to them. You would not be surprised if a stranger tried to shake hands when you were introduced, but you might be a little 34 if they bowed, started to stroke you, or kissed you on both 35 Yet each of these other forms of greeting is appropriate in other parts of the world. When we visit another society whose norms are different, we quickly become aware that things we do this way, they do that way.
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions： In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter, Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
What does it take to be a well-trained nurse? The answer used to be two-year associate's or four-year bachelor’s degree programs. But as the nursing shortage 36 , a growing number of schools and hospitals are establishing "fast-track programs" that enable college graduates with no nursing 37 to become registered nurses with only a year or so of 38 training.
In 1991. there were only 40 fast-track curricula; now there are more than 200. Typical is Columbia University's Entry to Practice program. Students earn their bachelor of science in nursing in a year. Those who stay on for an 39 two years can earn a master’s degree that 40 them as nurse practitioners (执业护士）or clinical nurse specialists.
Many students are recent 41 ; others are career switchers. Rudy Guardron, 32, a 2004 graduate of Columbia’s program, was a premedical student in college and then worked for a pharmaceutical (药物的）research company. At Columbia, he was 42 as a nurse practitioner. "I saw that nurses were in high 43 and it looked like a really good opportunity," he says' "Also, I didn't want to be in school for that long. ”
The fast-track trend fills a need, but it’s also creating some 44 between newcomers and veterans. "Nurses that are still at the bedside 45 these kids with suspicion," says Linda Pellico, who has taught nursing at Yale University for 18 years. "They wonder, how can they do it quicker? The answer is they don't.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
A） additional F） explores K） specialized B） applied G） graduates
L） tension C） demand H） operations M） trained D） excessive
I） promote N） view E） experience J） qualifies O） worsens
Section B
Directions： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.
The rise of the sharing economy
Last night 40 000 people rented accommodation from a service that offers 250 000 rooms in 30 000 cities in 192 countries. They chose their rooms and paid for everything online. But their beds were provided by private individuals, rather than a hotel chain. Hosts and guests were matched up by Airbnb, a firm based in San Francisco. Since its launch in 2008 more than 4 million people have used it—-2.5 million of them in 2012 alone. It is the most prominent example of a huge new "sharing economy", in which people rent beds, cars, boats and other assets directly from each other, co-ordinate via the internet.
A) You might think this is no different from running a bed-and-breakfast (家庭旅店),owning a timeshare (分时度假房）or participating in a car pool. But technology has reduced transaction costs, making sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever —and therefore possible on a much larger scale. The big change is the availability of more data about people and things, which allows physical assets to be divided and consumed as services. Before the internet, renting a surfboard, a power tool or a parking space from someone else was feasible, but was usually more trouble than it was worth. Now websites such as Airbnb, RelayRides and SnapGoods match up owners and renters； smartphones with GPS let people see where the nearest rentable car is parked; social networks provide a way to check up on people and build trust; and online payment systems handle the billing.
2013年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题
Part I Writing (30 minutes) 注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。
Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short easy entitled How Will
Our Life Go on without Internet. You should write at least 120 words
following the outline given below in Chinese:
1. 网络提供给了人们丰富多彩和便捷的生活
2. 很多人开始感觉离开网络寸步难行
3. 你对网络依赖症的看法
How Will Our Life Go on without Internet
___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Part II Reading Comprehension (skimming and scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer
the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer
from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete
the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Time Off from Work Gains in Importance
American workers are saying they need a break. As their number of hours clocked on the job has crept higher, more time off has become a bigger priority. In the past few years, human resources experts say time off has consistently placed among the top three employee concerns, along with compensation and staffing levels, whereas it used to be farther down the list. In a Salary.com poll taken online in November 2004, 39% of workers said if given
the choice, they would choose time off over the equivalent in additional base salary. Of
course, most of the 4,600 respondents are still opting for the bigger paycheck, but the desire for time off is up almost 20% from just three years ago when Salary.com conducted a similar poll.
The reasons for this shift are many and varied. Some have to do with the way a new
generation is thinking about work, while others are driven by how companies are responding to recent economic pressures.
A New Generation
The results may in part represent the needs of a new breed of workers. The average American is working one month (160 hours) more each year than a generation ago.
According to recruiting and human capital management expert John Sumser, younger
workers work for meaning first and money second. He goes on to warn employers that these are the people who are the foundation for the next workforce and they may not buy the existing paradigm (范例). A study released in late 2004 by the New York-based Families and Work Institute concludes that the new brand of young workers is rejecting the
work-centric style of their parents’ generation. The study, which examines changes in the workforce over the past 25 years, found that younger workers are more likely to be
“family-centric” or “dual-centric” (with equal priorities on both career and family) rather than “work-centric” when compared to members of the Boomer Generation.
September 11th and the End of the Roaring Nineties
The impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11th cut across all age groups of the workforce. We collectively entered a new era, reevaluating life’s priorities and making changes in our attitude toward time spent at work versus hobbies and family. “I started
looking at things completely differently. I’ve been far less willing to put in the 14-hour days necessary to get noticed and climb the corporate ladder,” said Tony Jackson, a 43-year-old employee of a New York City-based financial services company. “Frankly, I can’t see that changing.”
Even before September 11th, some experts say the slow shift in worker attitudes was already underway due to the end of the roaring 1990’s, when hours were long and significant personal wealth was created. For those who fared well financially, some opted for careers of contract work where they could call more of the shots pertaining to (与……有关的) time off, or new occupations with greater personal rewards. For others, even if their bank accounts were not spilling over from America’s economic heyday (全盛时期), their own energy had been depleted due to unrelenting (毫不松懈的) years of work hours and high stress. They were ready for something less taxing.
Families and Work Institute President and co-founder Ellen Galinsky agrees. She says the Salary.com poll numbers show evidence of an increase in need for time off and a shift in thinking due to the fact that workers have been pushed to their limit in recent years. “This new generation of workers is at the edge of how long they can work. It just feels like too much. They are not slackers (懒虫); they just don’t want more,” says Galinsky.
Monetary Needs Less Intense Due to Dual Income Households
“We’ve decided we prefer to have more time to ourselves,” says Carol Kornhaber, a
New England software programmer in her late twenties. Kornhaber and her husband are both working but have sought out jobs where they are not pressed to put in long hours. Instead, they have insisted upon eight-hour days and having enough vacation time to travel, a major interest they share. Financial pressures are eased by both of them working and keeping a careful watch on their expenses. “We are lucky in a lot of ways to have found bosses who understand our needs.”
Burnout
Trying to squeeze more productivity out of workers may be nothing new, but it has become particularly acute in recent years. This has been due in large measure to
recession-induced layoffs and other trends such as the rising cost of healthcare benefits. After a layoff, workers who remain behind are often asked to pick up most or even all the load of the people who were let go, requiring more and more hours at the office. As new
corporate initiatives are planned, the inverse is also true. As Sumser observes, “the additional workload, which runs across the economy from the office worker to the manufacturing line, seems to be a function of the cost of benefits. The regulations make it cheaper to add
workload for existing employees than to hire new players.” The Families and Work Institute reports that nearly one third of U.S. employees often or very often feel overworked or
overwhelmed by how much work they have to do. Nearly three out of four report that they frequently dream about doing something different from their current job.
Show Me the Money
Overworked or not, the majority in the Salary.com poll still chose to fatten their paycheck if given the choice. For many, it was a practical matter. Says Peggy Jones, an accountant in a Boston area business services company, “I already get three weeks a year that I can’t use up because I’m so busy. I’d definitely go for the extra money to pay some bills or make a big purchase I’ve been holding off on.” For Jones, the realities of running a household and saving up for college for her children simply need to take precedence over extra free time.
Companies Are Already Responding
To many human resources experts it is inevitable that, given the growing health of the economy and the upcoming population-driven labor shortages as the Boomer Generation moves into retirement, the pendulum of control in the employee-employer relationship will swing back to the employee side. That is expected to begin in just a few years. According to human resources expert, Larry Schumer, at Salary.com, “since most companies succeed based on a motivated and capable workforce, they have offered and will continue to offer more paid flexibility, whether it be through tried and tested time-off programs or the next great idea.” Where will that new balance of employer versus employee needs lie? Time, or perhaps time off, surely will tell.
1. Which of the following has been rising in importance in the past few years?
A) Compensation. B) Time off. C) Right to vote. D) Staffing levels.
2. According to the passage, we know that the Boomer Generation is concerned ________.
A) about family and work equally B) more about work
C) more about family D) about neither work nor family
3. What can be inferred about Tony Jackson?
A) He is 43 years old.
B) He works in a financial services company.
C) He has changed his life and work attitude.
D) He spends 14 hours a day on his work.
4. When did American workers gradually begin to change their attitudes towards work?
A) After September 11. B) In November 2004.
C) In late 2004. D) At the end of the roaring 1990’s.
5. According to Ellen Galinsky, why did workers change their mind about work?
A) They have been pushed to the limit of their working hours.
B) They increased their need to enjoy life.
C) They have more rights than before.
D) They don’t want to work for a living.
6. Carol Kornhaber and her husband don’t have too much financial pressure because ___________.
A) they have parents who are rich
B) they don’t have children to feed
C) they both have a high salary
D) they both have work and they are thrifty
7. After a layoff, the employees who keep their jobs usually have to ___________.
A) find another job in case they are fired
B) do what their bosses tell them to
C) work longer hours to avoid being fired
D) do the work left by the laid-off workers
8. According to Salary.com, compared with three years ago, the desire for time off is up almost ________________________.
9. According to the poll from Salary.com, the majority of employees preferred to ________________________ if they had the choice.
10. Larry Schumer said that most companies succeeded based on a motivated and capable __________________________.
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35 minutes) Section A
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
11. A) She used to be in poor health. B) She was popular among boys.
C) She was somewhat overweight. D) She didn’t do well at high school.
12. A) At the airport. B) In a restaurant.
C) In a booking office. D) At the hotel reception.
13. A) Teaching her son by herself. B) Having confidence in her son.
C) Asking the teacher for extra help. D) Telling her son not to worry.
14. A) Have a short break. B) Take two weeks off.
C) Continue her work outdoors. D) Go on vacation with the man.
15. A) He is taking care of his twin brother.
B) He has been feeling ill all week.
C) He is worried about Rod’s health.
D) He has been in perfect condition.
16. A) She sold all her furniture before she moved house.
B) She still keeps some old furniture in her new house.
C) She plants to put all her old furniture in the basement.
D) She bought a new set of furniture from Italy last month.
17. A) The woman wondered why the man didn’t return the book.
B) The woman doesn’t seem to know what the book is about.
C) The woman doesn’t find the book useful any more.
D) The woman forgot lending the book to the man.
18. A) Most of the man’s friends are athletes.
B) Few people share the woman’s opinion.
C) The man doesn’t look like a sportsman.
D) The woman doubts the man’s athletic ability.
2013年 6月大学英语四级考试真题及答案详解
Part I Writing (多题多卷写作题 1) (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
Part I Writing (多题多卷写作题 2) (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of reading literature. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)
11. A) The woman is the manager's secretary. B) The man found himself in a wrong place.
C) The man is the manager's business associate.
D) The woman was putting up a sign on the wall.
12. A) He needs more time for the report. B) He needs help to interpret the data.
C) He is sorry not to have helped the woman. D) He does not have sufficient data to go on.
13. A) A friend from New York. B) A message from Tony.【2013年四级考试】
C) A postal delivery. D) A change in the weather.
14. A) She is not available until the end of next week. B) She is not a reliable source of information.
C) She does not like taking exams. D) She does not like psychology.
15. A) He will help the woman carry the suitcase. B) The woman's watch is twenty minutes fast.
C) The woman shouldn't make such a big fuss. D) There is no need for the woman to be in a hurry.
16. A) Mary is not so easygoing as her. B) Mary and she have a lot in common.
C) She finds it hard to get along with Mary. D) She does not believe what her neighbors said.
17. A) At an information service. B) At a car wash point.
C) At a repair shop. D) At a dry cleaner's.
18. A) The woman came to the concert at the man's request.
B) The man is already fed up with playing the piano.
C) The piece of music the man played is very popular.
D) The man's unique talents are the envy of many people.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. A) He has taught Spanish for a couple of years at a local school.
B) He worked at the Brownstone Company for several years.
C) He owned a small retail business in Michigan years ago.
D) He has been working part-time in a school near Detroit.
20. A) He prefers a full-time job with more responsibility.
B) He is eager to find a job with an increased salary.
C) He likes to work in a company close to home.
D) He would rather get a less demanding job.
21. A) Sports. B) Travel. C) Foreign languages. D) Computer games
22. A) When he is supposed to start work.
B) What responsibilities he would have.
C) When he will be informed about his application.
D) What career opportunities her company can offer.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
23. A) She is pregnant. B) She is over 50.
C) She has just finished her project. D) She is a good saleswoman.
24. A) He takes good care of Lisa. B) He is the CEO of a giant company.
C) He is good at business management. D) He works as a sales manager.
25. A) It is in urgent need of further development.
B) It produces goods popular among local people.
C) It has been losing market share in recent years.
D) It is well positioned to compete with the giants.
Section B Passage One
Questions 26 to 29 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
26. A) It is lined with tall trees. C) It has high buildings on both sides.
B) It was widened recently. D) It used to be dirty and disorderly.
27. A) They repaved it with rocks. C) They beautified it with plants.
B) They built public restrooms on it. D) They set up cooking facilities near it.
28. A) What makes life enjoyable. C) What a community means.
B) How to work with tools. D) How to improve health.
29. A) They were obliged to fulfill the signed contract.
B) They were encouraged by the city officials' praise.
C) They wanted to prove they were as capable as boys.
D) They derived happiness from the constructive work.
Passage Two
Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
30. A) The majority of them think it less important than computers.
B) Many of them consider it boring and old-fashioned.
C) The majority of them find it interesting.
D) Few of them read more than ten books a year.
31. A) Novels and stories. C) History and science books.
B) Mysteries and detective stories. D) Books on culture and tradition.
32. A) Watching TV. C) Reading magazines.
B) Listening to music. D) Playing computer games.
Passage Three Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
33. A) Advice on the purchase of cars.
B) Information about the new green-fuel vehicles.
C) Trends for the development of the motor car.
D) Solutions to global fuel shortage.
34. A) Limited driving range. C) The short life of batteries.
B) Huge recharging expenses. D) The unaffordable high price.
35. A) They need to be further improved.
B) They can easily switch to natural gas.
C) They are more cost-effective than vehicles powered by solar energy.
D) They can match conventional motor cars in performance and safety.
Section C
My favorite T.V. show? "The Twilight Zone." I (36) ______ like the episode called "The Printer's Devil." It's about a newspaper editor who's being (37) ______ out of business by a big newspaper syndicate - you know, a group of papers (38) ______ by the same people.
He's about to (39) ______ suicide when he's interrupted by an old man who says his name is Smith. The editor is not only offered $5000 to pay off his newspaper's (40) ______, but this Smith character also offers his (41) ______ for free. It turns out that the guy (42) ______ the printing machine with amazing speed, and soon he's turning out newspapers with (43) ______ headlines. The small paper is successful again. The editor is amazed at how quickly Smith gets his stories only minutes after they happen - but soon he's presented with a contract to sign. Mr. Smith, it seems, is really the devil! (44) ______________________________________, so he agrees to sign. But soon Smith is reporting the news even before it happens - and it's all terrible one disaster after another. (45) ____________________________________________. I really like these old episodes of "The Twilight Zone" because the stories are fascinating. (46) _________________________.
Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Walking, if you do it vigorously enough, is the overall best exercise for regular physical activity. It requires no equipment, everyone knows how to do it and it carries the risk of injury. The human body is designed to walk. You can walk in parks or along a river or in your neighborhood. To get benefit from walking, aim for 45 minutes a day, an average of five days a week.
Strength training is another important of physical activity. Its purpose is to build and bone and muscle mass, both of which shrink with age. In general, you will want to do strength training two or three days a week, recovery days between sessions.
Finally, flexibility and balance training are important as the body ages. Aches and pains are high on the list of complaints in old age. The result of constant muscle tension and stiffness of joints, many of them are , and simple flexibility training can these by making muscles stronger and keeping joints lubricated (润滑 ). Some of this you do whenever you stretch. If you watch dogs and cats, you’ll get an idea of how natural it is. The general is simple: whenever the body has been in one position for a while, it is good to stretch it in an opposite position.
Section B
Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
―Many policy measures to control obesity（肥胖症）assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,‖ note the two researchers.
―In contrast,‖ the researchers continue, ―many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance — like food — of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems.‖
The research references studies of people’s behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:
Density restrictions: licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted（分配）based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren’t primarily food stores?
Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food
companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen. One could remove junk food to the
back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.
57. What does the author say about junk food?
A) People should be educated not to eat too much. B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist. D) It causes more harm than is generally realized.
58. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?
A) They should be implemented effectively. B) They provide misleading information.
C) They are based on wrong assumptions. D) They help people make rational choices.
59. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
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