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科学美国人60S听力打包下载(2008-2014年音频+文本) 摘要： 科学美国人60S听力打包下载(2008-2014年音频+文本)!大家都知道科学美国人60S是托福听力试题的重要来源，这里说的目的是为大家重视科学美国人60S做听力练习，因此小编也给出了科学美国人60S听力打包下载(2008-2014年音频+文本)帮助大家复习。
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SSS自2007年8月15日起成为标准听力训练版的正式节目。该节目为长度1分钟的音频，介绍最新科技研究发现，所以称之为“60秒科技”。
节目内容有一定的专业性，专有名词较多，要求听众具有一定背景知识，特别是自然科学知识。
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September 3, 2010 | 4 comments
Behavior Influenced More In Denser Networks
A Web-based experiment in which an idea was planted found greater penetration and more rapid spread of the idea in a dense network of participants with overlaps compared with in a loose network. Cynthia Graber reports
Diseases can spread quickly. Someone with a cold infects a few casual contacts, who in turn infect others. Ideas can also spread that way, along so-called random networks. But Damon Centola at MIT says that ideas and beliefs spread faster and more efficiently when they’re reinforced in clustered networks, with overlapping connections among the members.
Centola recruited more than 1,500 participants for what was billed as a Web-based health community. Each had an anonymous profile and was matched with health buddies. In one group, a minimal number of links connected the participants. The other group was denser, with redundant links.
In each group, a seed participant was planted with an idea: to register for an online health forum.
Whenever a member registered, the member’s contacts got the message. Ultimately, 54 percent of the participants in the clustered network signed up, compared with only 38 percent in the random nework. And the behavior spread about four times faster in the clustered groups. The study is in the journal Science. Centola thinks people are more swayed when they hear that multiple contacts are trying something new and that public health officials should take advantage of clustered networks to encourage people’s healthful behaviors.—Cynthia Graber
September 6, 2010 | 4 comments
Ancient Brewmasters Made Medicinal Beer
Evidence mounts that ancient Nubian brewers purposely made beer so that it contained a dose of antibiotic tetracycline. Christopher Intagliata reports
In 1980, a scientist looking at bone fragments under an ultraviolet microscope noticed the bones were glowing green—a hallmark of the antibiotic tetracycline. The drug latches onto calcium and gets deposited in bone. Nothing unusual. Except these bones were from a Nubian mummy buried 1,600 years ago in Sudan—long before scientists discovered tetracycline, in 1948.【scientific,american】
At the time, other scientists said the antibiotic probably just contaminated the bones after death. Because tetracycline’s secreted by a soil bacterium, Streptomyces. To get to the bottom of this, a chemist recently took bone from the mummy of a Nubian child and dissolved it in hydrogen fluoride, a nasty acid that helps extract tetracycline. And this bone extract also matched the chemical signature of tetracycline—evidence that the antibiotic was built into the kid's bones as he grew. That analysis appears in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. [Mark Nelson et al,
Anthropologists know the Nubians were skilled brewers. Researchers now believe that the ancient brewmasters learned to purposely make their beer medicinal, by lacing it with grain contaminated with antibiotic-producing Streptomyces bacteria. Just imagine that prescription. —Christopher Intagliata September 7, 2010 | 0 comments
Mice Show Heritable Desire For Exercise
An experiment tracking mice for 43 generations finds that progeny of those that initially were more active are spending three times as much time on the training wheel as the progeny of the initially more sedentary mice. Christopher Intagliata reports
Always finding excuses to skip the gym? Congrats—you might be able to blame your genes. Because the mere desire to exercise may be inherited, at least in mice. So says a study in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. [Theodore Garland Jr. et al,
The experiment started back in 1993 with 224 mice, divided into eight groups. In four of the groups, the researchers mated the males and females that logged the most distance on their exercise wheels. For the other four groups, they just randomly bred the mice.
Forty-three generations later, the mice descended from long distance runners are voluntarily running seven miles a day—three times as far as their lazy counterparts. And they cover those miles in different ways—some are marathoners, while others, especially females, run faster for fewer hours.
The running mice do have physical advantages, like better endurance and less body fat. But it's not just fitness. Previous studies suggest something's changing in the mice's brains too, turning them into exercise addicts. And since mice and humans have similar genes, our itch to hit the track might also depend on how often mom and dad liked to throw on their running shoes. —Christopher Intagliata
September 8, 2010 | 6 comments
Organic Strawberries Beat Conventionally Grown In Test Plots
In side-by-side plots of strawberries grown organically or conventionally, the organic berries had more vitamin C and the soil was more biologically active. Molly Webster reports.
Some consumers buy organically grown foods because they believe the products are healthier, tastier and better for the environment. But is this assessment true?
To find out, a group of U.S.-based scientists looked at strawberries. For the study, the researchers
analyzed 13 plots of organic strawberries and conventional strawberries grown side-by-side. They found that the organic strawberries contained 10 percent more Vitamin C and antioxidants than their
conventional counterparts. The organic strawberries were smaller on average than conventional berries, but each piece of organic fruit actually contained more dry matter—the meat, if you will, of the berry. The organic berries also had a longer shelf-life.
And finally, a soil analysis showed that the organic plots contained more microorganisms than
conventional acreage. So, the study adds some scientific evidence to the belief that organic berries are healthier, tastier and more environmentally sound. The findings are published in the journal Public Library of Science ONE. [John Reganold, Researchers believe that combining organic methods with some conventional agricultural practices will provide the produce of the future.—Molly Webster
Bitter Blocker Beats Broccoli
A food additive that blocks our bitter taste receptors could make foods like broccoli more palatable. Karen Hopkin reports
They say you should take the bitter with the sweet. But if you’re not a big fan of bitter, chemists have just the loophole for you. Oh, you’ll still have to take the bitter. But you won’t have to taste it. Because scientists have concocted a new and improved “bitter blocker.” They touted their triumph at the national meeting of the American Chemical Society. [Ioana Ungureanu et al., ""]
Our taste buds allow us to detect sweet and sour, salty and savory, and, of course, bitter. Of that set of taste sensations, bitterness, most agree, is the most disagreeable. And we can thank (or blame) evolution. We likely find bitter bad because many toxic substances are bitter. So an aversion to bitter may have helped our ancestors survive.
Problem is, plenty of healthful foods are bitter, too. Take broccoli and kale. (Please.) The standard solution, drowning out the bitter with butter, sort of cancels out the veggies’ health food status.
Rather than getting rid of the bitter, chemists came up with a compound that simply blocks our receptors for the bitter molecules, and our ability to taste them. So you may not need that spoonful of sugar to make the medicine go down. Or the broccoli.
—Karen Hopkin
Adult Brain Shows Learning Changes Fast
Less than two hours of training over a few days produced noticeable brain changes in adult learners. Cynthia Graber reports
Sometimes people complain when trying to learn a new skill: “I’m not that young anymore. It’s harder to learn anything new.” But adult brains may be more pliable than we thought. Research has shown that adult brains can increase in gray matter over weeks or months. Now comes a study finding that it’s possible to increase the brain’s gray matter quite quickly—in only a matter of days. That’s according to research in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Veronica Kwok et al., ""]
The scientists created an experiment that mimicked how young children learn new words. They took four
similar shades of green and blue and gave them made-up names—meaningless Mandarin monosyllables like sòng. Nineteen adults learned to match those names and shades in five sessions over three days, a total of an hour and 48 minutes.
The scientists took MRI images of the subjects’ brains before and after the experiment. And they found a noticeable increase in gray matter volume in the regions known to be related to color vision and perception. The researchers contend that the adult brain is thus more changeable more quickly than anyone thought. And that an old dog can learn a new trick.
—Cynthia Graber
Salamanders Provide Room and Board to Algae
Algae are found living inside the tissues of spotted salamander embryos, representing the first known case of an algae-vertebrate co-habitation arrangement. Steve Mirsky reports a story written by Karen Hopkin
A rolling stone gathers no moss. But a salamander embryo can attract algae. Inside its tissues and cells. This intimate co-habitation—the first ever seen between algae and a vertebrate—is revealed in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Ryan Kerney et al., "Intracellular invasion of green algae in a salamander host"]
Spotted salamanders lay their eggs in pools in spring. And the egg capsules actually look green, thanks to the algae that surrounds the resident embryos. That relationship benefits both parties. Algae feed on the
nitrogen-rich waste products generated by the embryos. And the embryos bask in the oxygen given off by the algae. Take away their algae, and spotted salamander babies hatch smaller and less mature.
So that’s the eggs. But this study is the first to show that the algae actually inhabit the embryo itself. Using imaging techniques and DNA testing, scientists found algae inside the cells of young salamander
embryos—and even in the reproductive tracts of some adult females. Which suggests that some algae may be handed down directly from parent to child. More evidence that many individuals are really entire little ecosystems.
—Karen Hopkin【scientific,american】
Single Device Captures Sun's Light and Heat
An experimental device that incorporates liquid and a photovoltaic allows for direct heat capture and electricity conversion. Cynthia Graber reports
| April 6, 2011 | 8
Solar cells convert sunlight to electricity. But they don’t take advantage of all that solar heat, thereby missing out on the majority of the solar energy reaching the cell. The sun’s heat can be captured to warm up liquid that can then warm a building’s , but those devices don’t generate electricity. Now, scientists have developed a single device to do both.
It’s an array of clear tubes, each five milimeters in diameter. The tubes are filled with oil blended with a
proprietary dye. A polymer photovoltaic gets sprayed onto the back of the tubes. When sunlight hits the tubes the liquid within becomes superheated. In a home situation, it would then flow into a heat pump to transfer that heat. Meanwhile, sunlight also strikes the polymer, where it’s converted to electricity.
The scientists say that their device has a 30 percent efficiency in converting sunlight into power. Conventional solar-only devices with polymer absorbers have less than 10 percent efficiency. The research appears in the journal Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. [D. W. Zhao et al., ""]
Continued research and development should shed more light—and a lot more heat—on the entire field of alternative energy production.
—Cynthia Graber
Blind Fish Sleep Less, Forage More
Fish that live in complete darkness and have lost their sight stay awake more than do sighted fish, probably because they need to spend more time feeding. Karen Hopkin reports
| April 7, 2011 | 3
Creatures that live in the dark may lose their sight over evolutionary time. They may even lose their eyes entirely. Now it appears that they also lose . Because a new study shows that cave-dwelling fish spend more time awake than their counterparts at the sunny surface. The finding is in the journal Current Biology.
[Erik Duboué, Alex Keene and Richard Borowsky, "Evolutionary Convergence on Sleep Loss in Cavefish Populations"]
Researchers studied three populations of Mexican tetra in the lab. Fish that live in creeks or rivers have two eyes and see just fine. But those that have adapted to living in caves lack eyes. What they do have is
insomnia. The scientists observed that the tetras that normally spend time in the light do sleep soundly at night, resting on the bottom of their tanks. The cave fish, on the other hand, remain on high alert, patrolling their habitats even after hours.
The researchers are working to identify the genes responsible for this fishy restlessness. Not that they’ll reveal how you can get by on minimal shut-eye. Because the cave fish may not need less sleep—they may need to stay awake to forage more in an environment where food can be scarce and appear unpredictably. And even a blind fish can see: you snooze, you lose.
—Karen Hopkin
Asteroid Follows Earth's Orbit
An asteroid (2010 SO16) has been discovered that has trailed the Earth in an almost identical orbit to ours for a quarter-million years. Karen Hopkin reports
| April 8, 2011 | 7
When you hear about asteroids close to the Earth, you probably have visions of collisions and extinctions and a postapocalyptic future. Or of brave space cowboys trying to knock them off course. You probably don’t picture a puppy that’s followed you home. But astronomers have found just that: an asteroid that’s been on Earth’s tail for at least a quarter of a million years. The observations were published by the Royal
Astronomical Society. [Apostolos Christou and David Asher, ""]
The asteroid was first spotted during a routine survey performed by a satellite. But it was the asteroid’s
earthlike orbit that really got the astronomers’ attention. The object’s orbit is virtually the same distance from the sun as is the Earth’s. And unlike most near-Earth asteroids—whose eccentric, egg-shaped orbits take them straight through the solar system—this asteroid’s orbit’s almost circular. So it seems to be following in our footsteps, although it’s never come closer than about 50 times the distance to the moon.
Where this companion came from is anybody’s guess. It could be left over from the same material that made our planet. Which would make it less like a puppy and more like an annoying sibling. One we hope will never hit us.
—Karen Hopkin
Lay Rescuers: Try CPR without Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation
New data show that when bystanders without emergency medical training try CPR using only chest
compression, the results can be better than if they also attempt mouth-to-mouth. Christopher Intagliata reports You're in the supermarket, and a man collapses. He's gasping. It's CPR time. But wait, was it 20 compressions, two breaths, or 15 to every one breath? Can't remember? Well you may not have to. Because there’s hands-only CPR—pressing the chest fast and hard, about 100 times a minute, no mouth-to-mouth. And it saves at least as many lives as traditional CPR. That’s according to a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association. [Bentley Bobrow et al.,【scientific,american】
]
Five years ago the state of Arizona, with lots of senior citizens, launched a campaign to educate its people about hands-only CPR. They hoped bystanders would stop panicking about breath-to-compression ratios—and touching mouth to mouth—and possibly save more lives. It seems to have worked.
Looking at 4,400 cardiac arrest cases, researchers found that the rate of bystanders performing CPR shot up 50 percent. And the percentage of Arizonans surviving cardiac arrests went from 4 percent to 10. In fact, the odds of surviving were actually better when cardiac arrest victims received hands-only CPR, compared to
mouth-to-mouth. So if it's hero time, think "Stayin' Alive"—it’s got the right 100 beats per minute. Call 911. And start pumping.—Christopher Intagliata
Mission to Mars Will Search for Lost Atmosphere
Arriving in 2014, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) will see if the solar wind and radiation are behind the loss of the Martian atmosphere. Cynthia Graber reports
The clues are adding up to give a picture of a distant Martian past, when the planet had a thick atmosphere that was warm enough for to stream on the surface. But now the water’s gone, and the atmosphere is so thin that any water would boil away.
In fact, the vestigial atmosphere is still slowly dissipating into space. Why? Well, researchers believe that solar wind and radiation is behind the theft, and they’re planning a mission to find out, called MAVEN: Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission
The solar wind is a stream of electrically-charged particles. It continuously flows from the sun out into space. We on Earth have protection in the form of a magnetic shield. But that shield is dead on Mars, gone for billions of years.
Instead, the solar wind and the sun’s UV radiation give an electric charge to atoms and particles in Mars outer atmosphere. Then electric fields generated by the solar wind sweep away the charged particles. So the atmosphere becomes even thinner.
Maven is scheduled to reach the red planet in 2014. Which will allow researchers to measure how much water and atmosphere are gone with the solar wind.—Cynthia Graber
Chemistry Nobel Goes to Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for Technique to Build Complex Molecules
Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for the development of new ways to synthesize complex organic molecules using palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings. Steve Mirsky reports
The 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry goes to the University of Delaware’s Richard Heck, Purdue’s Ei-ichi Negishi and Hokkaido University’s Akira Suzuki for their work in developing new ways to synthesize complex organic molecules by way of what are called palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings.
Two organic compounds that ordinarily would not readily react with other easily both bond to an atom of palladium. Carbon atoms on the two molecules, now in close proximity, bond to each other, forming a new compound.
Biochemist Lars Thelander at the announcement from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences:
“Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling has made it possible to synthesize carbon based molecules, for example, new medicines, agricultural chemicals and organic compounds used in the electronics industry.”
A prime example is discodermalide, produced naturally by a marine sponge, but in very small quantities. After it was found to have anti-tumor properties, large quantities were able to be made using palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling.—Steve Mirsky
Physics Nobel Prize Goes to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for Graphene's Unusual and Useful Properties
The University of Manchester's Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their research on the electronic and other properties of single-atom thick graphene, a form of carbon. Steve Mirsky reports
The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics goes to the University of Manchester’s Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for their investigations of the two-dimensional material graphene. Ordinary so-called pencil lead is graphite, a three-dimensional form of carbon. Flat layers of carbon, one-atom thick, are called graphene. The researchers extracted graphene from graphite using ordinary adhesive tape. Both born in Russia, Geim, 52, and Novoselov, just 36, showed that graphene has unusual properties related to quantum effects.
Physicist Per Delsing explained at the announcement from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: “The electronic structure of graphene is very unusual. It’s a transparent conductor and as such it can be used as touch screens, solar cells, light panels. If you put graphene into other materials, such as epoxy or plastic, you can make very light and very strong materials, which is interesting for satellites and aircraft, but it’s also that you can make flexible electronics. And so these are examples of the applications, and the pioneers that really did this were these two gentlemen.”—Steve Mirsky
Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize Goes to Robert Edwards for IVF
85-year-old Englishman Robert Edwards wins the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 20-year effort to develop in vitro fertilization. Steve Mirsky reports
The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine goes to 85-year-old Robert Edwards of England, for the development of in vitro fertilization. The Karolinska Institute’s Christer Hoog:
“Robert Edwards, working in the United Kingdom, began his fundamental research on the biology of fertilization during the 1950s. He formulated early a vision to develop an in vitro fertilization method to treat infertility. In this method, an egg will be taken out of a woman, fertilized using sperm in a cell culture dish, and then returned to the woman.”
The first so-called test-tube baby, Louise Brown, was born in England in 1978.
“Since 1978, an increasing number of children, now approximately four million, have been born thanks to IVF. To briefly summarize the status of IVF today, 1 to 2 percent of all newborns in Europe, and America, and Australia and a number of countries, are conceived through IVF.”—Steve Mirsky
Smartphone Apps May Share Info with Advertisers
Researchers tracked the activity of 30 popular Android apps and found that half reported info to third-party advertisers. Christopher Intagliata reports
A lot of smartphone apps can help you out if you let them access your phone's GPS. But even if you give permission, do you know everything they're doing with that information?
Some computer scientists wanted to find out. So they modified the Android mobile phone platform to tag all data apps sent from the phone. Then they randomly selected 30 of the most popular Android apps, choosing only ones that require access to the and access to the phone's GPS, camera or microphone. And they played with them, all while tracking the data each app sent out.
Turns out 15—half the apps—sent the phone's location to third-party advertisers. Two apps did present user agreements—but they said nothing about sending that data. And a third of the apps revealed the phone's
unique ID, sometimes along with the phone number and SIM card serial number. The findings will be presented at an upcoming USENIX Symposium. [William Enck et al., ]
The researchers won't say which apps committed the worst offenses. But there’s a good chance you could have some of the apps on your smartphone. And if one of them asks for your location, you can opt to have it mind its own business instead of yours.—Christopher Intagliata
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