【www.gbppp.com--私藏美文】
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第一篇 Inventor of LED
When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or1 LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.
On April 23, 2004, Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marks the 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors. “Any time you get an award, big or little2, it’s always a surprise.” Holonyak said.
Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school3, Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric4, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches5. Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.
Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today, but didn’t realize how many uses they would have.
“You don’t know in the beginning. You think you’re doing something important, you think it’s worth doing, but you really can’t tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. You just don’t know.” he said.
The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of “molecular sieves,” that can separate molecules by size. 词汇： semiconductor /
第一篇 LED的发明者
当Nick Holonyak着手用半导体含金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发现的发光二极管，或叫LED，使用范围覆盖从DVD到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日用技术。
2004年4月23号，Holoyak在华盛顿的一次典礼上被授予Lemelson-MIT项目的50万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的Lemelson-MIT项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。
“任何时候你得了奖，不论是大是小，总是一分惊喜。”Holonyad说。
Holonyak，75岁，是20世纪50年代初期晶体管的发明者JohnBardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后，Holonyak在Bell实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在家用减光开关中普遍使用。
后来，Holonyak开始研究如何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要看得见的光。1962年他发明的LED，现在的使用寿命可以比白炽灯泡长十倍，而且更环保、更经济。
Holonyak现在是伊利诺斯大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预料到LED的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。
“开始的时候你并不知道，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你不能说出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。你并不知道。”他说。
Lemelson-MIT项目同样授予75岁的EdithFlanigen10万美元的终身成就奖，她的成就是创造新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。
第二篇 El Nino
While some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 El Nino a few months in advance1, the Columbia
University researchers say their method can predict large El Nino events up to two years in advance. That would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that El Nino can produce in various parts of the world.
Using a computer, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later El Nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate El Nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. The results were reported in the latest issue of the journal Nature.
The researchers say their method is not perfect, but Bryan C. Weare, a meteorologist at the University of California. Davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 El Nino is indeed predictable.”
“This will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,” said Weare. He added that the new method “makes it possible to predict El Nino at long lead times3.” Other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, Weare said.
The ability to predict the warming and cooling of the Pacific is of immense importance4. The 1997 El Nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said David Anderson, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading, England. The 1877 El Nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the Indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in India and China, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, Anderson said.
When El Nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in China alone, according to a 2002 United Nations report.
While predicting smaller El Nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed.
El Nino tends to develop between April and June and reaches its peak between December and February. The warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years.
The new forecasting method does not predict any major El Nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible.
第二篇 厄尔尼诺
当某些预报方法不能提前几个月成功预测1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。
研究人员使用计算机把1980年初2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用之前的海面温度预测远至1857年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在昀新的《自然》杂志上。
研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学的气象学家BryanC.Weare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管他们已并没有参加研究工作。
Weare说:“这会促使其他人去寻找里好的办法。”他还补充说，新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能。”其他的方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远是因为缺少其他的资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。
预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国Reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的DavidAnderson说:以1997年的厄尔尼诺为例，它导致了全球范围内约200亿美元的损失，抵消了在其他一些地区的良性影响；1877年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生，导致了印度和中国约四千万人丧生，结果剌激了季节性预报的发展。
根据2002年的联合国报道，1991年初和1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有2亿人受到洪水的侵害。
然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认可的话，对大型厄尔尼诺现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。 厄尔尼诺总是在4月和6月期间发展，在12月初2月之间达到高峰。气候总是在9月初12月之间变暖，并且每2年到7年出现一次。
尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。
第三篇 Smoking
Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has
been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
第三篇 抽烟
自1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定抽烟是否危害健康，证据的趋向是一致的，显示出抽烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究确凿无疑地表明抽烟与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。
这个领域的大部分研究人员部认为抽烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重要原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。抽烟的男性因心脏病而死亡的机率高于不抽烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。
除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的影响也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物质、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被吸入时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物，其集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这一点。
过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低而不是消除危害。
第四篇 Engineering Ethics
Engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. At Texas A&M University, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas A&M, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.
The increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the Challenger disaster, the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways collapse, and the Exxon oil spill. As a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. This discipline will doubtles4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.
The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. They are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. Many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. Hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.
第四篇 工程道德
工程道德在全美的工程类院校里愈来愈受到关注。在得克萨斯州的A&.M大学，随着工程道德这门新课的开设以及由全美科学基金会提供基金，旨在为大学工程类必修课程提供道德问题方面的材料的项目的启动，人们对职业道德的关注达到了顶峰，一个由教师和管理人员组成的小组对得克萨斯州A&.M大学的不懈努力予以了积极的支持，但是由于越来越多的学生希望能够更加了解作为职业工程人员自己的行为的价值含义，为了满足这些需求，目前该小组必须发展壮大。
人们之所以对工程价值尺度愈发关注，至少部分原因是由于媒体对挑战者号灾难、堪萨斯城Hyatt-Regency旅馆通道的坍塌以及Exxon石油泄漏等事件的关注所引起的，为了响应人们的关注，一个新的学科——工程道德应运而生。同医学道德、商业道德和法律道德这些已经确立的学科一样，该学科无疑也将确立起自己的地位。
开发这一新学科所面临的问题是，大部分工程教授不愿意将工程道德方面的资料引进课堂，他们满足于使用以数字表达的概念，不相信自己有资格就工程道德问题在课堂上展开讨论，许多工程类教授认为课程安排紧张，没有时间在课堂上就职业道德问题进行讨论，或者觉得自己没有时间去准备必要的材料。希望这里提供的资料会有所帮助。
第五篇 Rescue Platform
In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. One idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter.1 The platform would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people trapped in high stories.
The idea for the vertical takeoff platform was hatched more than ten years ago by a Russian aerospace engineer， David Metreveli, who has since2 moved to Israel. Metreveli’s design, called the Eagle, calls for two jet engines that turn four large horizontal propellers. The spinning of the propellers generates the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. The more power is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform rises. Moving the platform sideways involves applying differing amounts of power to each propeller.
Helicopters are now used in some cases to get people out of burning buildings. Escape baskets3 slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into. Unfortunately, the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building because the ropes from which they hang become unstable beyond a certain length.
So far, Metreveli has built a small-scale model of the Eagle to test his idea. In the wake of4 September 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger, 4-meter by 4-meter5 prototype, which he calls the Eaglet.
第五篇 救生平台
在世界贸易中心遭到恐怖袭击后，安全专家们正在努力寻找新方法，来从燃烧的摩天大楼上营救人们，其中的想法之一就是构建一个能够垂直升降并像直升机一样在空中盘旋的平台。该平台可沿摩天大楼上下移动，运送高楼受困人员。
十多年前，一名俄罗斯航空航天工程师DavidMetreveli酝酿出垂直起落平台这一想法，随后移居以色列。Metreveli的设计方案命名为“老鹰”，需用两个喷气发动机来推动四个大型水平方向旋转的螺旋推进器。螺旋推进器快速旋转，生成必要的上升力，使平台升起。供给螺旋推进器的能量越多，平台升得就越高。要使平台侧向移动，则需要给螺旋推进器添加不等的能量。
现在，人们有时还用直升机营救起火大楼中的被困人员，从直升机中抛出的就生篮在大楼旁摇摆，人们可以爬到里面去。不幸的是，由于悬挂救生篮的绳索在超出一定长度后就会非常不稳定，所以救生篮无法到达每一层楼。
目前，Metreveli已经建立起一个小型“老鹰”模型来检测自己的构思。“9•11”事件后，MetreveJi获得了足够的基金，开始构建一个较大规模的模型。该模型大小为4米×4米，他将之命名为“小鹰”。
第六篇 Microchip Research Center Created
A research center has been set up in this Far Eastern country to develop advanced microchip production technology. The center, which will start out with about US $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology.
The center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the country’s flagship chipmaker.1 Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments don’t allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. Moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance2. As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years3, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while4 plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker.
More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of US dollars.5 The majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners — mainly from Japan and Singapore.
Should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry,6 the country admits the US $14 million investment is still rather small. This country is developing comprehensive technologies. Most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property7 owners.
第一部分 词汇 略
第二部分 阅读判断
第一篇 Taking Pictures of the World
Meet Annie Griffiths Belt, a National Geographic photographer. Belt has worked for National Geographic since 1978, and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world. In fact,Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn't seen yet.
Belt's photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality. They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world. Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra, Jordan , as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England. Recently, her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America.
Everywhere that Belt goes, she takes pictures of people. Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language. " The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people's lives," she has said. "The camera is like a passport, and I am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me ! "
Knowing how to break the ice has helped to make Belt a successful photographer, but experts say that anyone can learn to connect with new people. When people speak the same language, greeting and small talk can make strangers feel more comfortable with each other. When people don't speak the same language , a smile is very helpful. Having something in common can also help break the ice. For example , Belt has traveled with her two children , so when she takes pictures of children or their parents, they all have that family connection in common. Even bad weather can help people to connect when they are experiencing it together.
Belt has some advice if you are thinking about a career in photography. You can volunteer to take pictures for a local organization that can't afford to hire a professional photographer. You can also take a good, honest look at your best photographs. If you're a real photographer, your photos are good because of your personal and technical skills. Belt also recommends studying and learning from photos taken by professional photographers.
Remember, the next time you look as a beautiful photograph, you might be looking at the work of Annie Griffiths Belt. And the next time you meet a new person, don't be afraid to break the ice. the connection you make could be very rewarding.
译文：镜头中的世界
让我们来认识摄影师艾妮?格里菲斯?贝尔特。贝尔特从1978年以来就一直在为《国家地理》杂志拍摄照片，她的拍摄足迹几乎遍布世界上的所有大洲。事实上，南极洲是贝尔特唯一没亲眼见过的大洲。
贝尔特的拍摄作品因美轮美奂和质量上乘而广为人知，它们也反映了世界上不同的文化和地区。贝尔特曾经为约旦古城佩特拉和英格兰湖区的美景拍过照片。最近，在一本介绍北美未开发的自然区域的书中出现了她的摄影作品。
无论去哪里，贝尔特都在所到之处拍下人物照片。贝尔特已经找到在语言不通的情况下和不同年龄、不同民族的人进行沟通的方法。―我的工作的最大优势就是可以走进人们的生活，‖她说，―照相机就像通行证一样，而且我常常由于人们迅速地接纳我而被搞得手足无措!‖
知道如何打开话题帮助贝尔特成为了一名成功的摄影师，但是专家们声称任何人都能学会如何同陌生人打交道。当语言相通时，打招呼和相互寒暄能使陌生人之间感到更舒适。当语言不通时，微笑就会变得很有用。彼此的共同点也有助于打开话题。比如，贝尔特常和她的两个孩子一起旅行，所以当她为孩子们或孩子们的父母拍照时，他们就有了相同之处：家庭联系。甚至一起体验坏天气也可以帮助人们增进相互间的交流。
如果你正在考虑从事摄影行业，贝尔特对此有一些建议。你可以当个志愿者为没钱请专业摄影师的地方机构拍摄照片。你也可以用诚实的态度仔细端详自己最好的摄影作品。如果你是一位真正的摄影师，你的作品会因为你的个人特色和精湛的技艺而变得出类拔萃。贝尔特也推荐向专业摄影师的作品学习。
记住，当你下一次看到漂亮的照片时，也许你看的正是艾妮?格里菲斯?贝尔特的作品。当你下一次遇见陌生人时，不要害怕打开话题。你为沟通所做的一切都是非常值得的。
第二篇 "Own" Your Children's Education
"Helping them isn't about showing your kids how to do the work．It's about being genuinely interested and having regular conversations about what they're learning,''says J．Gary Knowles，a professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education，part of the University of Toronto．
Rozon has a slew of suggestions for how to get more,-involved．"Get to know the teacher．Discuss ways to tailor the assignments to your child's learning style．Spend time in the classroom．Ask for outlines of unit studies so you can find supplementary materials at the library or through videos．Read your child's textbooks：If you work a few pages ahead，you'll be able to help them with problems they encounter．''
Reading is another must，says Rozon．"Even after your children can read themselves，hearing somebody else read aloud is
important．We nearly always have a book on the go1; we read for at least a half hour before bedtime．
The more engaged a parent is, the more the child benefits，adds Bruce Ami．"The evidence is clear：Parental involvement is One of the most important factors in school success．Arai cites the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth，sponsored by Human Resources Development Canada(HRDC)，which is measuring all aspects of child development．"The hours children spend in class are but2 one element of their education''，states HDC，which says parental support，along with teacher support and a positive attitude towards school．all contribute to academic success．
"I see every moment of every day as a learning experience．" says Goforth．"The most satisfying part of it is seeing the，love of learning continued．I'm not squelching my children's desire to learn by insisting they learn． They learn because they want to．" Adds Jeanne Lambert，mother of Carey Graham: "Make the time3，take the time4，guide，lead，and encourage．If nothing else，your children learn you care，and that's the most important lesson you can give them．"
译文：“拥有”孩子的教育
多伦多大学安大略教育学院的教授J.Gary Knowles说：―帮助孩子不是告诉孩子怎样做。你要 对他们所学的东西真正感兴趣，并和他们经常进行对话。‖
怎样才能更多地参与，Rozcm给了许多建议。―与老师相识，并讨论怎样量体裁衣地布置一些 适合你孩子学习风格的作业。花些时间在教室里。索要每个单元的提纲，这样的话，你可以在图 书馆或者电视里找到补充材料。阅读孩子的教科书：如果你能提前读几页，你就能帮他们解决遇 到的问题了。‖
Rozcm认为朗读是另外一件必须做的事情。―即使你的孩子已经能自己阅读了，听别人大声朗读也是重要的。我们几乎总是有一本书在读，每天睡前我们至少阅读半个小时。‖
Bruce Ami说，父母投入越多，孩子获益越多。―有证据清楚地表明：父母的参与是孩子在 学校的学习得以成功的重要因素之一。‖ Ar祐引甩了加拿大人力资源发展部（HRDC)发起的一 项对孩子发展的各个领域进行测量的全国青少年纵向调查。HRDC表明，―孩子在课堂的时间 只是他们所受教育的一部分‖，父母的支持、老师的帮劢和对待学习的积极态度都会促进学业 的成功。
Goforth说：―我把每一天的每一刻都看做是学习的经历。‖ ―最满意的部分就是看到对学习的 热爱得以延续。我不会一味地压制我的孩子对学习的渴望。他们学是因为他们想学。‖
Carey Graham的妈妈Jeanne Lambert补充说：―抽出时间，花点心思，去指引、引导和鼓励。 即使没有别的收获，你的孩子也会知道你在乎他们，这是你能够给孩子上的最重要一课。‖
第三篇 Across the Deserts
The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.
In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.
On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.
Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water. The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower. 穿越沙漠 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。从塞内加尔到埃及，它横跨了非洲。撒哈拉沙漠的环境不是很好。白天非常热，晚上有时又很冷。而且，在撒哈拉沙漠中很难找到水。
2006年，Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab和Charlie Engle决定做些困难的事情。他们决定跑步穿越4300英里（6920公里）的撒哈拉沙漠。这似乎是不可能完成的，但是他们还是想尝试一下。
他们三人喜欢挑战自己，而这将是一个很大的挑战。
11月2日的早晨，Kevin, Ray和Charlie开始了他们跑步穿越大哈拉的旅程。他们每天早晨5点开始跑。到上午11点停下来，休息到下午5点。然后他们继续跑到晚上9点半。
他们每天大概跑40英里（64千米）。每天如此。他们起床，跑步。听着iPod里的音乐不停地跑。
在旅途中，Kevin, Ray和Charlie需要吃很多食物。大多数的人每天需要2000卡路里的热量。Kevin, Ray和Charlie每天需要6000-9000卡路里。那是很多的食物！他们每天也需要喝大量的水。
三人在途中也出现了很多问题，很多次他们都想放弃回家。白天通常很热（140华氏度/60摄氏度），高温导致他们生病。他们的腿和脚都受了伤。有时候天刮起大风，他们什么也看不见。有一次他们迷路了。但是他们没有放弃。111天以后，Kevin, Ray和Charlie成功完成了穿越撒哈拉沙漠的旅途。他们彼此拥抱，把手伸进红海的海水里。然后他们跑进旅馆好好洗了个澡。
第四篇 Smoking
Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
译文：吸烟
自1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定吸烟是否危害健康。证据的趋向是一致的， 并且显示出吸烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究超出了所有合理的怀疑，表明吸烟与人的 预期寿命的缩短有关。
这个领域的大部分研究人员都认为吸烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重荽原因，并且和人体其他某些 器官的癌症有关。吸烟的男性因心脏病的死亡率禽于不吸烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响 较小，因为她们不深吸烟。
除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的作用也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物、 微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被玻入时，所有 这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物。集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这 一点。
滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低危 害而不是消除危害。 第五篇 Plants and Mankind
Botany（植物学）, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. We don’t know what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrialial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, Medicines, shelter, and many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of ―knowledge‖ at all.
Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants. And the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.
译文：植物与人类
植物学，即对植物研究的科学，在人类文明发展的历史长河中占据着特殊地位。我们不知道 旧石器时代的祖先们对植物究竟了解多少，但根据我们对现存的前n:业社会的研究,可以肯定对 植物及其特点的详细了解一定非常久远。这种分析是合乎逻辑的。植物不仅是其他-切生物所需 食物的根基，甚至也是其他类型植物的食物来源。它们对于人类的幸福始终是相当重要的，它们 不仅仅为人们提供食物，还提供衣服、武器、工具、染料、药品、住所和许多其他东西。生活在 亚马逊河的丛中的原始部落，能识别成百上千种不词植物，知道每丨种植物的属性。他们没有 植物学这个概念，甚至可能没有意识到
它是知识界的一个分支：
不幸的是，我们的工业化程度越髙,人类与植物间的直接联系就越少，而且对植物学知识的 了解也就变得越来越模糊。然而每个人都会在无意识中获得大量的植物知识，很少会有人分辨不 出玫瑰、苹果或兰花。大约」万年前，当居住在中东的新石器时代的老袓先们发现某些草可以用 来种植，而且到了来年再把种子种在地里可以得到吏好的收成时,人们与植物之间的联系迈出了 崭新伟大的一步。谷物的发现创造了人类农业发展史上的奇迹，即耕种庄稼。从那时起，人类就 越来越多地从可控制的几种植物的生产丰族取生计纟而不是从野生的众多种类中东采一点，西摘 一点。在数万年的经验中积累起来的知识以及与大自然中各种植物的紧密联系也就开始消失。
第三部分 概括大意与完成句子
第一篇 The Making of a Success Story
1 IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs . Born in Sweden in 1926 , Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child , he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches ,seeds ,and pencils in his community .When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades .Naturally he used it to start up a business-IKEA.
2 IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.)and the place where he grew up (`E` and `A`). Today IKEA is known for its modern , minimalist furniture , but it was not a furniture company in the beginning .Rather, IKEA sold all kind of miscellaneous goods ,Kamprad's ware included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices ,including watches ,pens and stockings . 3 IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging , so Kamprad expanded the product line . Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.
4 In 1953 IKEA opend its first showroom in Almhult ,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings ,but in the early 1950s ,people ordered from catalogues ,Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture .
5 In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport . Kamprad was inspired .The man had given him a great idea :flat packaging . Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers .IKEA tried it and sales soared . The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.
6 Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries .Amazingly ,Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-help company .In 2004 he was named the world's richest man , He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself , though ,just keeps on growing.
译文：发迹史
宜家（IKEA)是世界上最大的家具零售商。它的幕后经营者是Ingvar Kampmd,可谓世界上 最成功的企业家之一。Kampmd 1926年生于瑞典，天生就有做商人的资质。还是个孩子时，他就 喜好卖东西，并在社区中通过售卖火柴、种子和铅笔赚了些小钱。Kampmd 17岁时，他父亲给了 他一些钱作为考试成绩优秀的奖励。当然了，他用这笔钱做了生意，成立了宜家。 宜家这个名字取自Kampmd全名的首字母（I.K.)和他成长地名称的缩写（―E‖ ―A‖）。如 今宜家以其现代、风格简约的家具而闻名，然而发家时它却不是一个家具公司。那时，它出售的 商品五花八门。Kampmd销售任何可以打折低价出售并盈利的物件，包括手表、钢笔和长袜。 宜家最初在1947年通过邮寄产品目录来出售家具。这些家具都是由Kampmd家附近的生产商
设计和制造的。起初的销售额非常喜人，所以Kamprad扩大了生产线。因为家具销售成为宜家非 常重要的一个生意份额，宜家于1951年成为了专营家具公司。
1953年，宜家在瑞典的Almhult开立了第一家展示厅。今天宜家因其店面的大空间和家具的 引人摆设而闻名，但在20世纪50年代初的时候，人们只是通过产品目录订购。所以宜家的首间 展厅备受瞩目，因为人们十分乐意能够在购买之前亲眼看到并试用这些家具。这样的销售模式促 进了销售额的增长，使得公司继续茁壮成长。截至1955.年，宜家已开始独立地设计其所有的家 具。
1956年,Kamprad看到有一个人通过拆解桌子来方便装运，从而受到启发。这个人让他灵光 一闪，想出了平板包装的点子。平板包装对宜家意味着更低的货运费以及对客户而言更低的售价。 宜家如此示范，销售额因此一路飙升。虽然顾客自
己拼装家具有些麻烦，但是时间一长，这样的 亲手操作倒成了宜家的强项。现今，宜家被视为有独立自行的风格。这样的形象为公司在销售额 和经营规模上带来了奇迹般的效果。
今天宜家在32个国家开有超过200家分店。令人惊叹的是，Ingvar Kamprad设法将宜家保持 为一家私有企业。2004年，他被冠名为世界上最富有的人。他如今住在瑞士，已脱离了宜家的日 常经营。而宜家将继续成长。
第二篇 The Paper Chase
1. "Running a house is lot like running a business." says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:
2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work. whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room.
3. When in doubt, throw it out, the first step to implementing a workable filling system is to eliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or tha
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