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智课网IELTS备考资料
谢振礼老师实验议论文:论证+造句_雅思写作
谢振礼老师实验议论文：论证+造句
谢振礼老师至少举例300篇实验议论文，好让烤鸭看得上10篇当做写作入门的参考。每一篇原创都类似这一篇【共进晚餐】。就考试而言，一般250字到450字的议论文写作并不需要专业大学问，倒是有必要熟悉两个基本工作：英文造句+逻辑论证。
Essay Topic>
Nowadays families spend little time doing things together, such as eating together at the same table. What are the reasons that parents spend less time with their children? What is your opinion about this development?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your knowledge or experience.
Example Writing
Family connection has become less valued as parents begin to prize their professional activities over shared time, and meanwhile sit-down meals are becoming less frequent than before. Chiefly for economic reasons, families do not
matter as much anymore as they once did. In some families, get-together dinners are few and far in between--often not by choice, but by necessity.
Financially, most adults must necessarily work hard in order to keep their heads above water. Indeed, it is hard for parents to achieve the balance between their routine work and family lives, even though they want to. Consider, for instance, that when both parents are employed, neither would have time enough caring for their youngsters, let alone
finding time for hobbies and recreation. Long before eventual parenting, people are already faced with the complexity of professional life and rising cost of living. Small wonder, therefore, that there is a trend in some countries to get married at an older age and also have their children later in life. This situation applies to young employees whose jobs require a lot of time traveling. In a later situation, it might be like that, in a typical two-income family, children often have to guess if their Mom or Dad or both are coming home in time for dinner.
Although it is understandable, a rare family meal is an indication of how little time some parents can have to spend with their families. In fact, the evidence shows that modern families seldom eat together as a great number of parents all but abandon their families, and literally work themselves to death. It also reveals that the very notion of the family dinner as a sit-down occasion is gradually vanishing. By and by, families eat apart, being hardly possible to join at the table on a regular basis. So, there is less face-to-face connection since working parents ought to to eat "on the run" while rushing from one appointment to another, before getting home late at night, only to miss a sit-down meal with their kids. Such problem seems increasingly inevitable because competition in almost any workplace has become so keen that no ambitious parent can afford to do otherwise.
In former times, it used to be a daily joy for families to eat at the same table--a symbol of family reunion. A tendency to the contrary is of course not in the best interest of children, who ironically also become self-centered like their
parents, although in different ways. No matter how compelling the reasons why families are not as close as before, it is hoped that the need to work longer hours would not be the beginning of the decline of those simple values on which much of our family happiness depends . (Jeenn Lee Hsieh)
猫头鹰实验范文部分编号(May 2012)
海外大学教师谢振礼(Jeenn Lee Hsieh)
OWL: Online Writing Lab.
Writing Tutorial Services
ielts360toefl@hotmail.com
浏览任何人的范文，应该随手抄录好用的【句子与论证】--"Sentence+Evidence"。无需专注同一作者的范文，而是要吸取各家之长，进而潜移默化，终于创造自己习惯的模式。养成动手习惯才会思维自然。既能自然就能快，肯定可以克服时限，并却超越字数的要求。建议新手考前细读100+篇范文，又习作10篇+，又笔记500+背诵句。不出10日，保证信心倍增。
范文限于最近作品抽样，更多的文章散见留学英语网页上，正在盘点保持更新。真题原文与实验范文不在表上。列表完全避免抄袭别人的心血（不触怒原创作者）。大江南北（雅思+托福）名师挤挤，人人各有一套，总有特长值得模仿。只要肯上网就能碰上议论文写手如云。
在线写作实验（OWL）范文编号（不按数字次序）配以四言汉文简称。2012年英文原创(Example Writing)已部分投稿到专业网站发布。
读者可以扮演考官挑错，并以评分标准两面检验答题的表现：
一面>作文逻辑(Logical Thinking)--"Supporting the thesis logically with evidence"
1. 主题的焦点(A Well-focused Thesis)，2. 结构的组织(A Well-organized Structure)，3. 内容的支持(A Well-supported Content)。
一面> 英文文法(Grammatical Writing)--"Writing grammatically at rhetorical, syntactic and lexical levels"
A. 语言的修辞(Language Effectiveness)，B. 句型的变换(Sentence Variety)，C. 字汇的恰当(Word Choice)。
谢振礼倾向组织【起承转合】的结构Structure。论证完全针对主题Thesis的焦点，引导出【逻辑连贯】的内容Content来支持所提出的立场=主题。综合实验心得，认同议论文写作的三件事：立场（=主题），支持（=论证），抽象（=逻辑）。
【论证】Evidence是“RED”--红色：Reason（理由）+Example（例子）+Detail（细节）。论证的资源来自知识，经验，阅读，观察，数据，引用，比喻，Etc。论证Logic--切题，明白，精确，充分，生动，抽象Reasoning。
【造句】Sentence是文法的应用，对于EFL学员肯定面临三点挑战：修辞Rhetoric效率，句法Syntax变化，字汇Lexicon活用。考官从造句就能判断考生的英文“3C"水平--Clear，Concise，Correct。
采用实验格式【隐形模板】--四段定位，18句转配，抽象逻辑。
18句的装配--起3承6转6合3。起中有合，合中有起。中体两段（承+转）论证。所以第一段Introduction申论主题，第二段Body A与第三段Body B发展论证，支持主题，第四段Conclusion重申主题。
>125 Essays真题编号 (Witing Tutoial Sevices 猫头鹰提供）：
8190 喜庆派对 8191 农机肥料 5067 野生新闻 5107 淡水资源 8131 先天后天
5132 商业道德 8133 长寿影响 8121 家庭计划 8105 赏罚儿童 8064 环保恶化
5151 朋友借钱 8103 论性教育 5130 当机立断 8143 幸福定义 8102 工作保障
8136 养子不教 8134 广告好坏 8101 富国多虑 8100 食物运输 8099 报纸末路
8098 保动植物 8096 家庭寻根 5150 长寿有道 8094 广告利弊 8093 引进外资
8137 贫富不均 8069 科技烦人 8068 清除污染 8063 课外活动 8062 工作生活
8059 广告危害 8083 跨国公司 8074 崇拜明星 8072 论艺术家 5168 成功定义
8135 电子游戏 8061 动物产品 5108 乡村都市 8109 学习外语 5110 不看外表
5111 物以类聚 8113 机票便宜 5114 吸烟有害 8112 幸福定义 5117 商业道德
8118 毕业失业 8119 论全球化 5120 科技文化 8122 地球升温 5123 电视影响
造句
一、正确的句子
论文写作另一最基本的要素就是句子的正确性，这是因为它将直接影响论文 表达的清晰性和正确性。要做到正确书写句子，就需要对英语句子结构有非常清 辇的了解，下面将从英语基本句型和基本句型扩展两方面来阐述如何运用正确的 英语句式来表达思想。
1.英语基本句型
英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，可以说是千姿百态，令人眼花缭乱，以致于许多 学生在英文写作时常常感到无从下手。但无论句型看上去多么纷繁复杂，其实质 上都源于五个基本句型，sp:主+动十补（svcs);主+动（sv);i +动+宾 (SVO);主+动+宾+宾(SVOiOd);主+动+宾+补(SVOCo)。掌握好这五种基 本句型，领会其真谛与神韵，是掌握各种句子结构的基础。例如：
【例l】Themost important aspect of O. Henry‟s writing was not in the general idea of his story, but in the vivid description of details of characters and events. (SVCs)[例2】The aim of translation is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of theusource language” by finding equivalents in theutarget lan?guage' .(SVCs)【例 3】Obviously, no culture can exist without the structure of natural language. (SV)im 4]Oliver Twist opens with a bitter invective directed at the nineteenth-century93English Poor Laws. (SV)
【例 5】In Qing Dynasty, Yan Fu established a three-character standard in translation, i.e. “Faithfulness”，“Exprevssiveness” and “Elegance” as the criteria of translation.
(SVO)
【例 6】England in the 1830s was rapidly undergoing a transformation from an agricul?tural ,rural economy to an urban, industrial nation. (SVO)【例7】The newspaper shows the readers the March sisters‟ talent and interest in art. (SVOiOd)【例8】At other points, the ill-mannered, ridiculous behavior of Mrs. Bennet gives her a bad reputation with the more refined Darcys and Bingleys. (SVOiOd)【例 9】Dickens makes Oliver Twist a child hero of this melodramatic novel of social protest. (SVOCo)【例 10]Through both law and prescribed gender roles, Austen‟s society leaves women few options for the advancement or betterment of their situations. (SVOCo)2.基本句型的扩展在
把握了上述的这五种基本句型基础之上，就可以对句子进行扩展，从而丰富 传达的信息、充实作者的思想。一般说来，句型的扩展主要是通过使用修饰词、短 语、从句以及并列句这四种途径来实现。
使用修饰词
因为这种方法主要是通过增加单个的形容词或副词来扩展句子，所以属于最 初级的扩展。例如：
【例l】At the most basic level, Jo‟s speech serves as a significant marker of her un?conventionality.
【例2】In a word, many idioms bear strong national cultural flavors.
【例3】The translation of idioms is alxvays complicated and difficult.
【例4】0 Henry! s stories are all ingeniously conceived, with the ending always con?trary to readers‟ expectations.
使用短语
这种方法是通过使用形容词短语、副词短语、名词短语、介词短语以及非谓语 动词短语等来扩展丰富句子。这些短语在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状 语、补语、同位语等成分。例如：
【例 Admission to Columbia‟s graduate programs is highly selective pretty much across the board.(名词短语作主语）【例 2】Recognizing where cultural differences are at work is the first step toward understanding and respecting each other.(动名词短语作主语）94【例3】“To sing a different turn ” is an English idiom which means to say or do something that signals a change in opinion because it contradicts what one has said or done before.(动词不定式短语作主语）【例4】0. Henry named his second collection“ The Four Million ”，which was about the life of ordinary people in New York City.(名词短语作宾语）【例 5】When Jane Austen was only about nineteen, she started working on “ Hy Susan”，an epistolary novel which was Janes first attempt at a serious theme.(动名 词短语作宾语）【例 6】Dickens‟s family suffered financially as a result of living beyond their means, so his father was imprisoned in the Marshalsea prison for debtors.(动名词短语作介 词宾语）【例7】For a woman who wants to improve her status and get financial security, Mrs. Bennet has to marry a wealthy man.(动词不定式短语作宾语）【例 8】Della‟s hair was her most cherished possession and her proudest treasure.(名词 短语作表语）【例9】
Her regret is having done so much for him and being abandoned by him .(动 名词短语作表语）【例10】The most important reason for educators to understand cross-cultural commu?nication is to improve their relations with the diverse groups of students and parents they -will encounter.(动词不定式短语作表语）
【例 ll】One of the simplest ways is through an analysis of the language of the ad- vertising claim .(介词短语作表语）【例 12】Dickens gradually grew disappointed with the attempts of Lawmakers to im- prove those conditions，(过去分词短语作表语）【例13] A person unmvare of advertising‟s influence on him is precisely the one most vulnerable to the adman‟s attack .(形容词性短语作后置定语）【例14】With her central characters, Austen suggests that true love is a force separat?ing from society and one that can conquer even the most difficult of circumstances. (现在分词短语作后置定语）【例15】Though young women of Jane Austen‟s day had more freedom to choose their husbands than in the early eighteenth century, practical considerations continued to limit their options.(动词不定式短语作后置定语）【例 16] In Chinese high school, the pursuit of the best way to teach English has been always stressed.(介词短语作后置定语）【例 17】With the population of only two billion，the U. S. has a surprisingly large95number of books being published each year.(介词短语作伴随状语）【例18】 William Makepeace Thackeray，a representative of critical realism in the 19th century England，was born in 1811 in Calcutta，India , in the family of an English official.(介词短语作地点状语、时间状语）【例19】In order to achieve this purpose，they try every means to deceive and even to fight each other.(介词短语作目的状语）【例 20】Scarcely a single story among his three hundred stories fails to end in such away that the readers are not preparing for.(介词短语作方式状语）【例 21] Because of the limitation of time, we can‟t go deep into the American fami?lies to see how many books they keep.(介词短语作原因状语）【例 22】Hearing that Joseph has not proposed Becky, Amelia soothes her friend by pressing her hand and telling her that Joseph will ask her to marry him at Vauxhall. (现在分词短语作时间状语）【例 23】Soapy was a tramp, having no shelter and food to keep him from cold and hunger.(现在分词短语作伴随状语）
【例 24】When the young people remain at home, George accompanies Amelia to listen to some music, thus leaving Becky and Joseph at the drawing-room table.(现在分 词短语作结果状语），【例 25]Needing a break，Louisa and her youngest sister May headed off to Europe in 1870,(现在分词短语作原因状语）
【例 26]Overcome with surprise，he was unable to utter a word.(过去分词短语作原 因状语）【例27】 Imbued with an inquiring imagination，an intensely meditative mind， and, unceasing interest in the “ interior of the heart” of man 5 being，Hawthorne‟s life story was totally without the exciting of at least unusual events that characterized the lives of so many American writers.(过去分词短语作伴随状语）例28〗 Based on students' independent and
exploratory study，research learning re- quires that students choose and determine a subject matter from their daily and school life.(过去分词短语作伴随状语）【例 29】Louisa saw that her loving heart was needed by more than just her family, and she headed for Washington, D. C. in 1862 to serve as a Civil War Nurse.(动词 不定式短语作目的状语）【例 30】Intelligent and forthright, Darcy also has a tendency to judge too hastily and harshly，and his high birth and wealth make him overly proud and overly conscious of his social status.(形容词短语作宾语补足语）96【例 31】Leaving Amelia' s house, Becky comes into Sir Pitt‟s family and finds herself in an atmosphere of avarice, hypocrisy and im morality.(介词短语作宾语补足语） 【例32]A
statesman can make his influence felt through his speech and action .(过去 分词短语作宾语补足语）【例 33】The company advertised for a doctor of philosophy to be the editor-in-chief. (动词不定式短语作宾语补足语）【例 34】01iver Twist is the novel‟s protagonist, a sort of male Cinderella or princess disguised as a goose girl.(名词短语作同位语）【例 35]Pride and Prejudice contains one of the most cherished love stories in English literature: the courtship between Darcy and Elizabeth ?(名词短语作同位语）(3)使用从句这种方法主要是通过使用名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句来扩展 句子。
所谓名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，相当于名 词，在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。引导名词性从句的关联词包括:连接 词 that，whether，if;关系代词 who，whom，whose，what，which，wh-ever;关系副词 when，where，how，why 等。例如：
【例l】It is well known that both Chitme and English are abundant in idioms and are becoming heavily idiomatic.(主语从句)【例2】 What men are putting on their bodies, however, is nothing compared with what they‟re doing to their bodies.(主语从句）【例 3】Hawthorne believed that “ the vurong doing of one generation lives into the suc?cess! x^e ones，” and often wondered if he might have inherited some of their guilt ?(宾 语从句）【例4】We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.(宾语从句）【例 5】Nowadays，educated people have become much more flexible and tolerant about what is considered to be correct or acceptable.(宾语从句)
【例 6】The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.(表语从句）【例 7】The philosophy was that the miserable conditions would prevent able-bodied paupers from being lazy and idle bums.(表语从句）【例 8】In the whole novel, Dickens uses Oliver~a poor orphan to challenge the Victo- rian idea that paupers and criminals are already evil at birth，he insist that the cor- rupt environment should be the source of vice.(同位语从句）97【例 9】Victorian society interpreted economic success as a sign that God favored the honest，moral virtue of the successful individual‟s efforts.(同位语从
句)【例 10】On February 2nd, 1972,when Primer Zhou toasted to American President Nixon，he said： “Due to the reason that is known to all, it has been more than 20 years before our two countries begin to communicate again.，，（同位语从句）【例 ll】Through describing Bennet，s five unmarried daughters，different ways to treat marriage, Jane Austen intends to show her attitude towards marriage： it is wrong for people to marry for possessions and status，or without careful consideration .(同位语从句）形容词性从句相当于形容词，在句子中充当定语，其修饰限定作用可分为限定 和非限定两种。形容词性从句的引导词主要包括:关系代词who，whom，which， that，whose;关系副词 when，where，why, as 等。例如：
【例 12】The assumptions upon which the workhouses -were established was that moral virtue lay in work, that work led necessarily to success, and that economic failure was the consequence of laziness.(限定性定语从句）【例 13】Continuum refers to those concepts whose extension meaning is vague be- txveen right and wrong.(限定性定语从句）【例14] In a society inhere there was no clear distinction between right and wrong, hopeless people like Soapy had to give up the more decent life and tumbled into the horrible pit.(限定性定语从句）【例 15】Looking up at the delight moon in the sky, listening to the solemn tune, he remembered the days when he had mothers，roses, ambitions ,friends and clean thought.(限定性定语从句）【例 16】If a boy enjoys sewing, I see no reason vuhy he should be barred from needles and thread ?(限定性定语从句）【例 17】Exploring the ways in which various groups within our society have related to each other is key to opening channels for
cross-cultural communication.(限定ft定 语从句）【例 18】In the city, he saw so grand a National Day celebration as he never dreamt o/.(限定性定语从句）
【例 19】Translation is considered to be a cross-cultural communication event, which concerns not only the transfer between languages，but also the transfer between cut-tures.(非限定性定语从句）【例 20】Research learning is
essentially carried out in the form of an individual or a group, through which students gain experience through hands-on involvement，de-98velop a right attitude towards scientific study and improve their ability to solve some daily matters.(非限定性定语从句）【例 21】Last December a man named Robert Lee Willie, who had been convicted of raping and murdering an 18-year-old woman , was executed in the Louisiana state prison.(非限定性定语从句）【例 22】We walked, hand in hand, to his favorite place in the front yard, where a huge red rosebush sat conspicuously alone ?(非限定性定语从句）【例23】AIDS was first conclusively identified in the United States in 1981，when 189 cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control.(非限定性定语从句）【例 24\As is put in Longman Active Study English-Chinese Dictionary, language is “the particular form of words and speech used by the people of
写作中的“炼词”
英语写作要想得高分，用词是关键。平时我们就要注意词汇的积累。所谓词汇积累，并不是简单的背单词。一个单词要熟练记忆，必须了解这个单词的音、形、词性和搭配。在我们日常记忆单词时，往往忽略了单词的词性和搭配，而这往往是决定是否能正确运用该单词的关键。同时，我们在平时练习写作文的时候，要尽量运用新学的单词。在写完作文进行修改的时候，要考虑一下文章中哪些看起来很贫乏简单的单词可以用高阶词汇替换。总而言之，英语写作中的“炼词”要求包括以下三点：1）variety and diversity 多样性；2）appropriate word choice 合适合理；3）idiomatic expression 习惯表达。
要做到用词的多样性，我们可以从以下几点着手：
一、同义词替换。下面我们列出了一些可以进行写作中常用词替换的高级词汇，供同学们参考。
连词篇：（介词，副词）
Firstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with, first of all, at the outset…
Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, succeeding (adj.), secondarily, what is more, furthermore (further more)…
Lastly: ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally…
Too: as well (句末), in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to boot, excessively, also… And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with…
Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else…
So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, that’s why Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that…
But: however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, 让步although, even thought, though, even if, while, as, despite the fact that…
Only: just, merely, barely, singly, solely, rarely…
Without: excluding,
Very: extremely, acutely, decidedly, deeply, exceedingly, greatly, highly, uncommonly, profoundly, unusually…
Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, in fact, in point of fact, in reality, in truth, literally, truly …
形容词/副词
Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing role,indispensable, requisite, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary, underlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary…
Big: gigantic, massive, colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendous, titanic, giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky,
many: numerous, myriad, infinite,
forever (adv): infinity, eternal, timeless, everlasting，undying, endless, changeless, perpetually… Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny, little, petite（女子身高娇小）
Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this world, magnificent, charming, stunning, fantastic, terrific,
excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome
Bad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor, substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtful, ruinous, unhealthy, evil, immoral…
Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smart
Happy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merry, joyful,
Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sweet, adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, engaging…
Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightning,
Easy: simple, effortless, no trouble, painless, plain sailing, uncomplicated, undemanding, unproblematic, a piece of cake (informal), child’s play (informal),…
Clear: obvious, apparent, blatant, comprehensible, conspicuous, distinct, evident, manifest, palpable, plain, pronounced, recognizable, transparent, intelligible, lucid, plain, understandable, uninvolved, simple, …
Direct: bald, basic, frank, naked, plain, sincere, stark, straightforward, candid, forthright, outspoken….
Difficult: hard, tricky, complicated, complex, intricate, involved, knotty, perplexing, puzzling, thorny…
Angry: annoyed, cross, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incensed, infuriated, irate, mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentful...
Dangerous: perilous, breakneck, chancy (informal), hazardous, insecure, precarious, risky, unsafe, vulnerable【achieve造句,】
动词
Think (that): hold the (opinion/ belief/ position/stand point/idea) that, assume, believe, deem, reckon, argue, maintain, suppose, conceive, insist, be convinced, to my knowledge, personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle, consider, conceive, perspective...
Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, verify, clarify, signify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, characterized as, instruct, display, disclose,indicate, means, explain, give an/a example (reason, explanation) of, bear out, point out, point toward…
Know: realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish, discern, notice, perceive, recognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with,
Get: acquire, attain, acquire, achieve, obtain, gain “学习” 不用learn
Suggest: have a proposal in,
Increase: magnify, expand, proliferate, mushroom, improve, enhance, advance…
Impress: affect, inspire, engrave on, imprint of,
Influence: impact, affect, guide, sway,
Stop: halt, cease, conclude, desist, end, pause, put an end to, quit, refrain, shut down, terminate… Make: create, assemble, built, construct, form, manufacture; fore, cause, compel, constrain, drive, impel, induce, oblige, prevail, upon, require…
Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand out, provide, supply Break：separate, burst, crack, destroy, disintegrate, fracture, fragment, shatter, smash, snap
Destroy: ruin, raze, annihilate, crush, demolish, devastate, eradicate, shatter, wipe out, wreck,
obliterate, weaken, undermine…
Happen: occur, come about, come to pass, develop, result, take place, transpire
名词
Problem: issue, question, case, trouble, difficulty, dilemma.
Meeting: conference, discussion, assembly, conclave, congress, convention, gathering session, assignation, encounter, confrontation, argument, controversy…
Study: learning, application, lessons, reading, research, school work, examination, analysis, consideration, contemplation, inspection, investigation, knowledge,scholarship…
Advantage: benefit, dominance, precedence, profit, superiority, merit…
Disadvantage: shortcoming, weakness, inconvenience, drawback, deficiency, flaw, handicap (also v. 妨碍), downside, limitation.
Life: existence, conduct, life style, way of life
二、动词名词化。
名词化即是动词或形容词被用作名词的现象。英语中英民族注重抽象思维，他们擅长用抽象的概念来表达具体的事物。他们认为通过名词化可以产生大量抽象概念，满足英语表达抽象概念的需要。因此，擅用名词化不仅体现了写作水平，更是一种思维方式。 例1： His failure made him lose his fortune and fame. His severe failure, which cost him a good fortune and his fame, became the turning point of his life.
例2：the disappearance of one type of language the extinction of that culture
When one type language disappeared, that very culture becomes extinct and this means a loss of human civilization.
The disappearance of one type of language resulted in the extinction of that culture, which means a loss of human civilization.
例3：As long as the teachers and parents communicate frequently and directly, the parents can be Direct and frequent communication between parents and teachers can ensure the parents a whole grasp of the progress of the children.
写作中的“炼句”（一）
写作要得高分，除了注意用词的多样性外，句式的变化也非常重要。首先我们要明白英语和汉语在句式上的区别主要有以下3点：1）英语重结构，汉语重语义；2）英语多变化，汉语多重复；3）英语多长句，汉语多短句。 下面我们谈谈句式的基本5种变化法则： 法则1 主语变化
例1：众所周知
We all known that…… 变成It’s known to all that….
例2：铭记于心
I will always remember that……. 变成…….will always be remembered by….
例3：人们对此意见不一。
Different people have different ideas about this. 变成Ideas on this issue / topic vary from person to person. 或者Ideas on this issue keep at constant variance.
其他句型：
It must be pointed out that
It must be admitted that.
It is imagined that.
It can not be denied that.
It will be seen from this that.
It should be realized that.
It is (always) stressed that.
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that
法则2 动宾结构变化为副词加形容词
例1：do harm to the body/spirit 变成physically/mentally harmful /detrimental
例2：have great benefit to the environment变成environmentally friendly/beneficial
法则3 倒装句:
1. 介宾短语前置倒装：
例1：杭州位于中国东部，是一个天堂城市。
Hz nests in the east of C.变成In the „.. Nests HZ, A beautiful city.
2. Only 介宾短语、从句+系动词助动词+句子：
例1：Only in this way can we solve the problem.
例2：只有大家充分认识到这个问题以后问题才能真正得以解决。
3. Such ….that 倒装：经典引入句
例1：Such is human nature that……
例2：Such is a common phenomenon that„..
4. Never倒装 经典引入句
例1：Never has the public witnessed/seen such a phenomenon that„.
法则4 强调句
1. 用形容词“very”，“single”等表示强调
例1：Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.
例2：Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon. 今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。
2. 用反身代词表示强调
例1：I myself will see her off at the station.
例2：You can do it well yourself.
3. 用助词“do”表示强调
例1：The baby is generally healthy， but every now and then she does catch a cold. 例2：Do be quiet. I told you I had a headache.
4. 用副词“very”，“only”，“even”，“too”，“just”等表示强调
例1：He drank it to the very last drop.
例2：Only in this way can we wipe out the enemy troops.
例3：He didn’t answer even my letter
例4：I will too go！
例5：The scenery is just superb.
5. 用“...and that”，“...and those”，“not...too much”，“否定加否定”等结构表示强调 例1：They fulfilled the task，and that in a few days.
例2：I gave her some presents，and those the day before yesterday.
例3：I can’t thank you too much.
例4：I am not unfaithful to you.
6. 用短语“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”，“only too”，“all too”，“but too”，“in heaven”，“in the world”，“in hell”，“on earth”，“under the sun”等表示强调
例1：His behaviour was in every way perfect.
例2：By all means take your son with you.
例3：The news was only too true.
例4：It was over all too soon！
例5：Where in heaven were you then？
例6：Nobody under the sun would buy that car.
7. 用强调句型表示强调
例1：It was the headmaster who opened the door for me.
法则5 双重否定句
双重否定为了强调，也有的是为了使语气委婉
1. 否定词＋否定词缀
例1：We do not infrequently go abroad.
例2：Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.【achieve造句,】
例3：What's done can not be undone.
2、否定词＋含有否定意义的词（各类）
There is no doubt that
….never fail to do„..
There is no denying that…….
It not seldom happens that….
There are few people who don't like to
No gains without pains.
There is no smoke without fire.
3、否定词＋否定词
例1：Nothing venture, nothing gain.
例2：There is no one who lives in the world who doesn't know her.
写作中的“炼句”（二）
上一专题我们讲了句式变化的基本5个法则，这一专题中，我们将继续探讨“炼句”的艺术，即如何增强语句表现力，以提高写作的表达质量。
一、用With替代动词
例1：西雅图气候宜人是一个花园城市。
The climate in Seattle is agreeable and is a garden city. 改为
Seattle is a garden city with the most delightful climate in the world. 或
Seattle, with the most delightful climate in the world, is a garden city.
在此列举了英语口语表达中较常见的40个常用句型。建议学员运用“快速造句法”进行逐一练习。
此处S为主语，V为谓语动词，V-ing为动词的ing形式，n为名词。
1. …the+ -est+名词+(that)+主词+ have ever+ seen/known/heard/had/read，etc.
…the most+形容词+名词+(that)+主词+ have ever+ seen/known/heard/had/read，etc.
例：Lydia is the most beautiful girl thatI have ever seen．莉迪亚是我见过的最美丽的女孩。 TOEFL IBT is the hardest test that I have ever had.新托福是我迄今碰到的最难的考试。
2. Nothing is+ -er than to+V
Nothing is+ more+形容词+than to+V
例： Nothing is more important than to achieve a decent mark in speaking section in TOEFL IBT. 没有比在新托福口语考试中取得一个好成绩更重要的事了。
Nothing is harder than to answer this question effectively within 45 seconds.
没有比在45秒内回答这个问题更难的事了。
3． …cannot emphasize the importance of…too much．（再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。）
例： We cannot emphasize the importance of spoken English too much.
我们再怎么强调英语口语的重要性也不为过。
You cannot emphasize the importance ofprotecting our eyes too much.
再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
4. I don't mean to deny that+S+V…（我不想否认……）
例：I don't mean to deny that I also like to read newspaper.我无意否认，我同时也喜欢读报纸。 I don't mean to deny that you have helped.我无意否定你的作用。
5． Everybody( nobody somebody) knows that+句子（人人（无人，有人）知道……）
例： Everybody knows that you need to learn how to take notes.
人人都知道你需要学习如何做笔记。
Nobody knows howI felt that day.没有人知道我那天的感受。
6． There is no doubt that+句子（毫无疑问……）
例：There is no doubt that his spoken English is cool.毫无疑问他的口语很不错。
Th
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