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2011年福建省厦门市中考数学试卷
一、选择题（本大题有7小题，每小题3分，共21分） 1、（2011•厦门）化简|﹣2|等于（ ） A、2 B、﹣2
C、±2
D、
考点：绝对值。
分析：根据负数的绝对值是它的相反数直接进行化简即可． 解答：解：|﹣2|=2． 故选A．
点评：本题考查了绝对值，注意正数的绝对值是它本身，负数的绝对值是它的相反数，0的绝对值是0． 2、（2011•厦门）下列事件中，必然事件是（ ） A、掷一枚普通的正方体骰子，骰子停止后朝上的点数是1 B、掷一枚普通的正方体骰子，骰子停止后朝上的点数是偶数 C、抛掷一枚普通的硬币，掷得的结果不是正面就是反面 D、从装有99个红球和1个白球的布袋中随机取出一个球，这个球是红球 考点：随机事件。
分析：必然事件就是一定发生的事件，根据定义即可判断． 解答：解：A、是随机事件，故选项错误； B、是随机事件，故选项错误； C、是必然事件，故选项正确； D、是随机事件，故选项错误． 故选C．
点评：本题考查了必然事件的定义，关键是理解必然事件的定义． 3、（2011•厦门）下列物体中，俯视图为矩形的是（ ）
A、 B、
C、 D、
考点：简单几何体的三视图。
分析：根据各个立体图形的俯视图进行逐一分析判断． 解答：解：A、其俯视图是圆，故本选项不符合； B、其俯视图是圆，故本选项不符合； C、其俯视图是矩形，故本选项符合； D、其俯视图是圆，故本选项不符合． 故选C．
点评：此题考查了各类立体图形的俯视图． 4、（2011•厦门）下列计算结果正确的是（ ）
222
A、a•a=a B、（3a）=6a
C、（a+1）=a+1 D、a+a=a
考点：完全平方公式；合并同类项；同底数幂的乘法；幂的乘方与积的乘方。 专题：常规题型。
分析：根据同底数幂相乘，底数不变指数相加；积的乘方，等于把每一个因式分别乘方，再把所得的幂相乘；完全平方公式；合并同类项法则对各选项分析判断后利用排除法．
2
解答：解：A、a•a=a，正确；
22
B、应为（3a）=9a，故本选项错误；
22
C、应为（a+1）=a+2a+1，故本选项错误； D、应为a+a=2a，故本选项错误． 故选A．
点评：本题考查了完全平方公式，同底数幂的乘法，积的乘方．理清指数的变化是解题的关键． 5、（2011•厦门）如图，在正方形网格中，将△ABC绕点A旋转后得到△ADE，则下列旋转方式中，符合题意的是（ ）
222
A、顺时针旋转90° B、逆时针旋转90° C、顺时针旋转45° D、逆时针旋转45° 考点：旋转的性质。
分析：此题根据给出的图形先确定出旋转中心，再确定出旋转的方向和度数即可求出答案． 解答：解：根据图形可知：将△ABC绕点A逆时针旋转90°可得到△ADE． 故选B．
点评：本题主要考查旋转的性质，在解题时，一定要明确三个要素：旋转中心、旋转方向、旋转角度． 6、（2011•厦门）已知⊙O1、⊙O2的半径分别为5和2，O1O2=3，则⊙O1与⊙O2的位置关系为（ ） A、外离 B、外切 C、相交 D、内切 考点：圆与圆的位置关系。 分析：由⊙O1、⊙O2的半径分别为5和2，O1O2=3，根据两圆位置关系与圆心距d，两圆半径R，r的数量关系间的联系即可得出两圆位置关系． 解答：解：∵⊙O1、⊙O2的半径分别为5和2，O1O2=3， 又∵5﹣2=3， ∴⊙O1与⊙O2的位置关系为内切． 故选D．
点评：此题考查了圆与圆的位置关系．此题那比较简单，解题的关键是注意掌握两圆位置关系与圆心距d，两圆半径R，r的数量关系间的联系． 7、（2011•厦门）如图，铁道口的栏杆短臂OA长1m，长臂OB长8m．当短臂外端A下降0.5m时，长臂外端B升高（ ）
A、2m B、4m C、4.5m D、8m 考点：相似三角形的应用。
分析：栏杆长短臂在升降过程中，将形成两个相似三角形，利用对应变成比例解题． 解答：解：设长臂端点升高x米， 则
，
∴x=4． 故选：B．
点评：此题是相似三角形在实际生活中的运用，比较简单． 二、填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题4分，共40分）
8、（2011•厦门）的相反数是
．
考点：相反数。 专题：计算题。
分析：根据相反数的定义：只有符号不同的两个数称互为相反数计算即可． 解答：解：+（﹣）=0，
故的相反数是﹣，
故答案为﹣．
点评：本题主要考查了相反数的定义，根据相反数的定义做出判断，属于基础题． 9、（2011•厦门）若∠A=30°，则∠A的补角是． 考点：余角和补角。 专题：常规题型。
分析：根据补角的和等于180°计算即可． 解答：解：∵∠A=30°， ∴∠A的补角是180°﹣30°=150°． 故答案为：150°．
点评：本题考查了补角的和等于180°的性质，需要熟练掌握．
6
10、把1200000用科学记数法表示为． 考点：科学记数法—表示较大的数。 专题：计算题。
n
分析：科学记数法的表示形式为a×10的形式，其中1≤|a|＜10，n为整数．确定n的值时，
要看把原数变成a时，小数点移动了多少位，n的绝对值与小数点移动的位数相同．当原数绝对值＞1时，n是正数；当原数的绝对值＜1时，n是负数． 1200000中a为1.2，小数点移动了6，即n=6．
6
解答：解：将1200000用科学记数法表示为1.2×10．
n
点评：此题考查科学记数法的表示方法．科学记数法的表示形式为a×10的形式，其中1≤|a|＜10，n为整数，表示时关键要正确确定a的值以及n的值．
考点：众数。
分析：根据众数的定义就可以解答．
解答：解：30出现3次是最多的数，所以众数为30． 故答案为30．
点评：本题考查了众数的定义，组数据中出现次数最多的数据叫做众数． 12、（2011•厦门）若一个n边形的内角和为720°，则边数n=． 考点：多边形内角与外角。
分析：n边形的内角和可以表示成（n﹣2）•180°，设这个多边形的边数是n，就得到方程，从而求出边数．
解答：解：由题意可得：（n﹣2）•180°=720°， 解得：n=6．
所以，多边形的边数为6． 故答案为6．
点评：此题比较简单，只要结合多边形的内角和公式寻求等量关系，构建方程求解． 13、（2011•厦门）如图，⊙O的直径CD垂直于弦AB，垂足为E．若AB=6cm，则AE= cm．
考点：垂径定理；勾股定理。 分析：由⊙O的直径CD垂直于弦AB，AB=6cm，根据垂径定理，即可求得AE的长． 解答：解：∵⊙O的直径CD垂直于弦AB， ∴AE=AB，
∵AB=6cm， ∴AE=3cm． 故答案为：3．
点评：此题考查了垂径定理的知识．此题比较简单，解题的关键是熟记垂径定理，注意数形结合思想的应用．
14、（2011•厦门）在△ABC中，若∠C=90°，AC=1，AB=5，则sinB=． 考点：锐角三角函数的定义。 专题：数形结合。
分析：利用锐角三角函数的定义知：锐角的正弦值=解答：解：∵∠C=90°，AC=1，AB=5（如图）， sinB=
=．
．
故答案是：．
点评：本题考查了锐角三角函数的定义．①正弦（sin）等于对边比斜边； ②余弦（cos）等于邻边比斜边； ③正切（tan）等于对边比邻边； ④余切（cot）等于邻边比对边； ⑤正割（sec）等于斜边比邻边； ⑥余割 （csc）等于斜边比对边． 15、（2011•厦门）已知一个圆锥的底面半径长为3cm、母线长为6cm，则圆锥的侧面积是 2cm．
考点：圆锥的计算。 专题：计算题。
分析：圆锥的侧面积=π×底面半径×母线长，把相关数值代入计算即可． 解答：解：∵圆锥的底面半径长为3cm、母线长为6cm，
2
∴圆锥的侧面积为π×3×6=18πcm． 故答案为18π．
点评：考查圆锥的计算；掌握圆锥的侧面积计算公式是解决本题的关键． 16、（2011•厦门）如图，在正方形网格中，点A、B、C、D都是格点，点E是线段AC上
任意一点．如果AD=1，那么当AE= 2相似．
或时，以点A、D、E为顶点的三角形与△ABC
2011年厦门中考英语试卷（笔试部分）
（二）基础知识与运用（每小题1分，共30分）
V. 选择填空：从A/B/C中，选出一个最佳答案完成句子。
21. --- I took a lot of ________ when I visited the World Expo in Shanghai.
--- Wow, it’s great. Let me have a look next time.
A. money B. medicine C. pictures
22. --- Jacky is ________ amazing singer. He has lots of fans.
A. an B. the C. /
23. --- Emma, can you introduce _________ to Alice? I would like to make friends with her.
A. him B. her C. me
24. --- Which of the two I-shirt will you take?
--- I’ll take __________, one for my brother, the other for myself.
A. both B. either C. neither
25. --- Sometimes walking is even _________ than driving during the busy traffic time.
--- Are you kidding?
A. slower B. faster C. harder
26. I used to be afraid of the dark so I want to sleep with the light __________.
A. on B. off C. out
27. --- What do you think of our hear teacher?
--- Oh, he is very kind ______________ he looks too serious.
A. because B. though C. if
28. --- Hey, Tina, ________ are you going for your vacation?
--- Hmm…, I think I’m going to New York City.
A. when B. how C. where
29. --- It’s such a long way! What shall I do?
--- You ______ take my car if you want.
A. must B. should C. may
30. Susan _____ her friend’s invitation to the picnic because she had to stay at home and babysit her little sister.
A. received B. refused C. replied
31. --- Would you like to go and see Black September tonight?
--- I’d love to. But I ______ it.
A. have seen B. was seeing C. will see
32. —Look, what an old place! It looks so great! --- Yeah, it ____ nearly 800 years ago.
A. built B. was built C. had built
33.--- Emily failed in the singing competition. She must be very sad.
--- let’s go and ____.
A. wake her up B. pick her up C. cheer her up
34. If you ________, you’ll get good grades next time.
A. work hard B. grow up C. hang out
35. --- _________ do you exercise?
--- Oh, I exercise about three times a week.
A. How soon B. How often C. How long
36. --- Look at the strong young man over there, do you know _____?
--- He is our new P.E. teacher.
A. who is he B. what is he C. who he is
38. --- Don’t eat too much junk food.
--- You’re right. However, I do like the food _______ tastes good.
A. that B. what C. when
38. -- I’m sorry for breaking your coffee cup.
--__________.
A. I don’t think so. B. It doesn’t matter C. You’re welcome
39. --- How was your weekend?
---________________.
A. Not bad B. Well done C. Good luck
40. --- What is Tony like?
--- _________.
A. He likes playing baseball B. He is funny and outgoing C. He’d like some noodles
VI. 完形填空：从A\B\C\D中，选择一个最佳答案，使短文意思完整。
Much meaning can be shown clearly with our eyes. So it is often said that eyes can ___41____.
Do you have such kind of experience? In a bus you may _____42_______ a stranger, but not too long. And if he is feeling that he is being stared at（盯着看）, he may feel __43__.
The same thing happens in daily life. If you are looked at by others for more than necessary, you will look at yourself up and down to see if there is anything wrong with you. If ___44____ goes wrong, you will feel angry to other’s stare at you that way. Eyes do speak, right?
Look at someone too long may seem to be rude and impolite. __45____ things are different when it comes to stare at the opposite sex. If a man looks at a ___46___ for half a minute, it means that he wishes to attract her attention and make her know that he _____47___ her. In fact, some lovers may like looking at each other for a long time to show the __48___ that words cannot express.
However, the usual eye for two people in the __49_____ is that the speaker will only look at the listener once in a while, in order to ____50____ that the listener does pay attention to what he is speaking, to tell him that he is caring he is caring about the listener.
41. A. see B. hear C. speak
42. A. look at B. look for C. look after
43. A. unfamiliar B. uncomfortable C. unhealthy
44. A. something B. anything C. nothing
45.A. But B. And C. Or
46. A. woman B. stranger C. kid
47. A. forgets B. misses C. enjoys
48. A. saying B. feeling C. finding
49. A. competition B. conversation C. information
50. A. suggest B. show C. check
（三）阅读理解（每小题2分，共50分）
VII. 阅读下面五篇短文，根据文章的内容选择最佳答案作答51——75小题
A
It was a very hot day, and there were no trees along the street. Mr Smith closed his shop earlier than usual for a very important appointment. He went out into the street and began walking to the bus stop. He was very fat. The sun was shining brightly down the street, soon he was sweating all over（浑身是汗）.
A small boy came out of another shop in the street and followed Mr Smith. He stayed very near him all the time, and he kicked（踢）Mr Smith’s shoes for several times. Mr Smith looked at him angrily each time.
After the fourth time, Mr Smith stopped, turned round and said to the small boy, “What are you doing? Stop following me like that! You’re going to hurt my feet.”
“I’m sorry, but don’t stop me, please!” the small boy said, “ It’s very hot today and there isn’t any other in the street!”
If you were the boy, what would you do during such a hot day?
51. The story would most probably happen in _______.
A. spring B. summer C. winter
52. Mr Smith was a ___________.
A. shop owner B. bank clerk C. bus driver
53. Mr Smith was going to a appointment __________.
A. by bus B. on foot C. by car
54. The underlined word “shade” infers to a place which is ________.
A. wetter B. cooler C. hotter
55. The boy kept follow Mr Smith in the street because in his eyes Mr Smith was like _________.
A. the sun B. a map C. a tree
B
The expression “ go for it” comes from football. Not football as it is played in most countries, but the kind of football in the United States and Canada.
American football is a difficult game to explain. But the basic idea is that each team tries to move the football across the goal line of the other team. One of the rules is that a team must move the ball forward（向前）at least ten yards ----- a little less than ten meters ----- in four attempts. It loses the ball to the other team if it fails to move that far.
One of the most exciting times in football comes when a team has failed, after three attempts, to move the ball forward ten yards. Then the team must take an important decision.
One choice is to try a fourth and final time. If the team succeeds, it keeps the ball, and continues to move forward. But if it fails, the other team gets the ball at that place on the field.
The second choice is to kick the ball. The team gives up the ball if it makes this choice. But a good kick can put the other team at the far end of the field, making it more difficult for that team to score.
People watching a football game are certain to shout their advice. Some will shout, “Kick the ball!” But others will urge the team to take a chance, to live dangerously. “ Go for it !” They will shout.
56. “go for it!” is an expression which comes
from a sports game that Picture ____ shows.
57. The second paragraph（段落）mainly tells us about the ______ of the game.
A. teams B. fields C. four
58. A team has ________ choices after three unsuccessful attempts.
A. two B. three C. four
59. After four attempts, if a team fails to move the ball forward ten yards, they’ll _____ the ball.
A. keep B. lose C. kick
60. When people shout, “go for it”, they hope the team chooses to ________.
A. kick the ball B. try a fourth time C. give up the ball
C
Most have heard of the American Prom. This is the senior students’
school leaving party. The British name for the event is a Leavers’ Ball or
Leavers’ Dinner, although some UK schools call them Proms, too. In
Canada, Ireland and Australia the terms Grad or Formal are most
common and in South Africa it is called a Matric Dance.
Some Matric Dances in South Africa still follow the old British traditions. Before the dance, pupils are given lessons in dancing. School leavers invite a partner to the dance. The girls have dresses especially made for the event. To save costs the dance is often held in the school hall.
American Proms have become elaborate（精心的）and expensive, complete with luxury hotel ballrooms（豪华的酒店舞厅）, live bands and expensive prom dresses. They now include after-Prom activities that often extend into the early morning of the next day.
The Leavers’ Ball in the UK is not so formal（正式）. The girls also wear ball gowns and the boys suits. A dinner and disco will be held at a local hotel. Each pupil buys a ticket and can go with a partner or just arrive with friends.
61. We learn from this passage that the Prom is a ________.
A. test B. game C. party
62. In Australian, people call “Prom” __________.
A. Leavers’ Ball B. Grad or Formal C. Matric Dance
63. The most important activity in the Prom is __________.
A. dancing B. eating C. meeting
64. The Matric Dance is often held in the _________.
A. school hall B. hotel ballroom C. local restaurant.
65. According to this passage, the event in _________ costs the most.
A. the United States B. the UK C. South Africa
D
After a study showed that one in every ten meals in the country may be cooked in with dirty oil, the State
Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) on Thursday issued an emergency notice （发
布紧急通知）to restaurants nationwide, warning them against recycling oil.
The swill-oil is cooking oil refined from kitchen waste that has been recycled.
Although it looks clean and clear, it’s actually so dangerous to people’s health that it
may cause cancer.
According to a report, Recycling
one ton of kitchen waste will produce 130 kg of swill oil. With its price being half that of normal cooking oil, a profit（利润）of 1.5 to 2 billion yuan is produced in the whole swill-oil business in the country every year. The profit is almost 200%, so it’s easy to understand why the business is so hot.
He Dongping, a professor from Wuhan Polytechnic(WHPU) said, “To stop the use of dirty oil should start at its source, kitchen waste. And the first step is to find a good way of collecting kitchen waste.” “However, it might take about 10 years before China could solve the problem completely,” he added.
66. According to the study, _________ of us may have eaten the food cooked by dirty oil.
A. few B. nobody C. many
67. It’s ________ to tell the difference between swill-oil and normal cooking oil just by looking.
A. fast B. easy C. hard
68. The underlined sentence “means that the swill-oil business is really a ________.
A. big money-maker B. common situation C. terrible thing
69. We can infer（推断）from this passage that _______.
A. the biggest problem is that restaurants produce too much kitchen waste.
B. the way of dealing with kitchen waste isn’t good enough now.
C. we can stop the use of swill-oil in a short time if we take it serious.
70. The main topic of this passage is about _______.
A. restaurant service B. food safety C. eating habits
E
When you look at clouds, you will notice that there are many different kinds. Some clouds are high and thin, some are white and fluffy（蓬松的）, and others look dark and heavy.
There are four kinds of clouds. They are high clouds, middle clouds, low clouds, and clouds that grow vertically（垂直的）. And the clouds in these four groups are named for the way they look.
Cirrus clouds are high clouds that are more than 5 kilometers above earth. Cirrus clouds look like curly hair, and the word cirrus just means “curl of hair”. Some high clouds that look like layers（层）are called cirrostratus clouds. The word status means “layer”.
About 3 to 6.5 kilometers above earth are the middle clouds. Altostratus clouds are light gray, and Altostratus clouds are very fluffy. Another cloud that sometimes can be a middle cloud is Nimbostratus cloud. Nimbo comes from the word nimbus, which means “heavy rain”. These clouds make a gray layer from which rain and snow falls.
The low clouds are no higher than about 1.6 kilometers above earth. Two kinds of clouds are often found
here. Stratocumulus clouds are light and dark. Stratus clouds are very low.
The foutth froup of clouds grows vertically. These clouds have a hase near the ground but rise to a great height. Cumulus clouds can grow up on top of one another. When they grow up high, they are called cumulonimbus clouds. These clouds can rise as high as 18 kilometers.
71. We learn from the passage many names of clouds, and all of them belong to _______ groups.
A. two B. four C. six
72. Cirrus clouds and Cirrostratus clouds are given the names by what they _____.
A. are used for B. are made from C. look like
73. It is going to be ________ when we see Nimbostratus clouds in the sky.
A. sunny B. windy C. rainy
74. Clouds that grow vertically rise into the sky in the way of the picture ________ shows.
75. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. We know the clouds that are more than 3 kilometers above are called high clouds.
B. Clouds are divided into four groups according to how far they’re away from earth.
C. According to this passage, we know clouds that grow vertically all stay very high in the sky.
（四）情景交际运用（共20分）
VIII. 根据对话情景，填入恰当的单词。（每空一词，每词1分，共6分）
A: Maria, I don’t think you’ve been here before, have you?
B: No, I’ve traveled to many 86._______ in China. But this is the first time to come to Beijing.
A: I hope that you’ll like it.
B: I’m sure I 87. _____________. I’ve heard a lot about the Great Wall and I’ve been dreaming of
88._________ it for years. Now I’m glad that my dream will come true finally.
A: That’s 89. _________. Thank you. By the way, how’s the 90. ________ this time of year?
A: It’s usually warm and sunny. It is the 91. __________ season of the year in Beijing.
B. So I come here at the right time.
A: Sure, you do.
IX. 根据情景提示，用恰当的短语或句子填空。（每空2分，共8分）
你想知道南希是什么时候出生的，可以这么问：
92. __________________________________________________________, Nancy?
你想问售货员那本书多收钱，可以这么问：
93. ________________________________________________ the book?
你想让别人知道你会弹吉他，可以这么说：
94. _________________________________________________________________.
你想告诉父母，你将来要当一个演员，可以这么说：
95. _________________________________________________ in the future.
X. 根据语篇情景，用恰当的短语或句子填空，使之意思完整。（每空2分，共6分）
Jeff had a math exam yesterday. The night before the test, he stayed up and studied for it. So the next morning he didn’t 96._____________________________ on time. He had to rush to school without having breakfast. When he 97. ________________________________ school, he had already missed half of the class. He saw that all of his classmates were busy working on the test. He went up to his teacher and explained to her what happened. Jeff had never 98. __________________________________ before, so the teacher decided to give him a second chance. She let him take the test the following day. Jeff promised that he wouldn’t oversleep again.
（五）作文（20分）
2011年厦门市初中毕业及高中阶段各类学校招生考试
物 理
（试卷满分：100分 考试时间：90分钟）
一、选择题（本大题共12小题。每小题2分，共24分。每小题只有1个选项符合题意）
1. 2011年6月1日期，厦门市机关、学校和医院等室内场所全面禁烟，在空气不流通的
房间里，只要有一个人吸烟，整个房间就会充满烟味。这是因为（ ）
A.物质是由分子组成的 B.分子在不停地运动
C.分子间有引力 D.分子间有斥力
2. 图1所示的用电器中，工作时将电能转化为机械能的是（ ）
图1
A.电烙铁 B.电风扇 C.电熨斗 D.电水壶
3. 2011年4月10日，我国成功将第八颗北斗导航卫星送入太空预定转移轨道，这次发射
标志着北斗区域卫星导航系统的基本系统建成。卫星导航系统传递信息利用的是（ ）
A.激光 B.红外线 C.超声波 D.电磁波
4. 下列物品中，通常情况下属于导体的是（ ）
A.布笔袋 B.铅笔芯 C.橡皮擦 D.塑料尺
5. 图2所示的四种现象中，说明光沿直线传播的是（ ）
图2
A.日偏食 B.海市蜃楼 C.筷子“折断” D.水中倒影
6. 图3所示的四种现象的形成，属于凝华的是（ ）
图3
A.冰雪消融 B.露珠晶莹 C.浓雾缭绕 D.霜寒料峭
7. 古筝校音时把弦调紧点，是为了（ ）
A.增大响度 B.减小响度 C.升高音调 D.降低音调
8. 如图4所示，多孔插座冒烟的主要原因是由于电路中（ ）
A.总电量太大 B.总电阻太大 C.总电流太大 D.总电压太高
9. 在图5所示的实验装置中，当闭合开关、移动导体棒ab时，电流计指针发生偏转。利
用这一现象所揭示的原理，可制成的设备是（ ）
A.电热器 B.电动机 C.发电机 D.验电器
10. 如图6所示，灰鹅在飞行途中突遇强风，会将身体翻转180º，以脚朝上但头保持不变
的怪异姿势飞行。灰鹅转体后（ ）
A.翅膀下方空气流速大于上方的流速，有助于迅速降低高度
B.翅膀下方空气流速大于上方的流速，有助于迅速提升高度
C.翅膀下方空气流速小于上方的流速，有助于迅速降低高度
D.翅膀下方空气流速小于上方的流速，有助于迅速提升高度
11. 小阳用8N的力水平推着一辆购物车匀速前进，突然发现前面有台阶，他马上用20N的
水平力向后拉购物车，使其减速。购物车减速过程中（ ）
A.受到的摩擦力是28N B.受到的合力是28N
C.受到的摩擦力是12N D.受到的合力是12N
12. 图7是小林家里电热水器的工作原理图，热水器有高中低三档功率。小林发现热水器高
档位不能工作，其他档位能正常工作。小林猜想造成故障的原因有以下四种，你认为可能是（ ）
A.a处接触不良 B.b处接触不良 C.某电热丝短路 D.某电热丝开路
二、填空题（本大题共10小题。每小题2分，共20分）
13. 游客坐在海边游乐场“跳楼机”的升降台上。当升降台急速降落时，游客感觉沙滩扑面
而来，这是以 为参照物的。降落过程游客的重力势能不断 。
14. 如图8所示，敲响右边的音叉，左边完全相同的音叉也会发声，说明声音可以在 中
传播；还可以观察到紧挨音叉的泡沫塑料球弹起，说明声音是由 产生的。
15. 近视眼不能看清远处的物体，需要佩戴由 透镜制成的近视眼镜进行矫正。【2011厦门中考,】
近视眼镜对光有 作用（选填“会聚”或者“发散”）
16. 如图9所示，试管里的水吸热 （填物态变化名称）时形成大量水蒸气。水
蒸气冲开小木塞的过程中，通过 的方式减小内能。
17. 2011年5月，科学家在太阳系外发现了适合地球生命居住的星球。该星球距离地球20
光年，对物体的引力是地球的两倍。若把地球上质量15kg的物体放在该星球表面，其质量是 kg，收到该星球的引力是 N。
18. 如图10所示，为判断不同导体电阻的大小，可将它们分别接到A、B之间，闭合开关，
通过观察、比较 进行判断。若两个导体的电阻差异不大，则可以用 表替换灯泡，作进一步的判断。
19. 图11是电冰箱的简化电路图。图中L是电冰箱内的照明灯，M是压缩机用的电动机。
开关S1、S2都闭合时，L与M （选填“串联”或“并联”）。S1、S2中属于温控开关的是 。
20. 小龙同学重500N，游泳时有过这样的体验：当他站立在水中快要浸没时，脚几
乎没有受到池底的支持力。此时他收到的浮力约为 N。身体密度约为 kg/m。
21. 如图12所示，用动滑轮把重为G的物体竖直匀速上提一段距离。动滑轮的重
力是0.6G，绳重和摩擦忽略不计。则手对绳的拉力F= G，机械效率
是 。
22. 如图13所示，将木块A和金属块B按甲、乙两种不同的方式放在同一杯水中，
则木块受到的浮力F甲 F乙；容器底部受到水的压强p甲 p乙（。均
选填“大于”、“等于”或“小于”）
三、简答题（4分）
23. 福岛核泄漏发生后，应日本方面要求，我国自主生产的一台62米臂架
混凝土泵车紧急驰援，用于想反应堆注水冷却。
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