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英语口语两法宝：科学聊天与句子库
专家介绍；学习英语的重要性已经是不言而喻的了，可实际生活中，由于对口语、听力训练不够，大部分高中毕业生、非英语专业大学本科毕业生口语发音不准、说话不流利且听力太差，无法用英语进行交流。这里我向大家介绍学习英语口语的两大法宝：科学聊天法与句子库法。
日常会话属于非正式口语。平时多去英语角，多与人用英语聊天，是练习英语会话的不二法门。可聊天毕竟是为了学习口语，当然也要注意方法，即科学聊天法，方法实际上也很简单：
（1）方法：a.聊天前做好主题准备工作，包括了解话题、查找所涉及的单词、准备能套几十个常用句型备用。b.身上装上一本15000词左右的英汉小词典和一本1万词条左右的汉英小词典。c.聊天过程中不要怕在对方面前查字典。无关紧要的话可以想法用其它句子说清楚，关键的词则一定要查字典。d.聊完天后应对从今天聊天中学到的单词、表达法、句型进行登记总结，并背下来。
（2）注意事项：a.复习预习工作一定要做，只有这样每一次聊天才会有较大的收益。b.不要怕丢面子。成年人学英语最大的敌人是自己，尤其是自己的“面子”。c.自我对话与口头作文也是一种很好的口语训练法。
一般会话，非正式口语就足够了，可要参加技术交流、商务会谈、正式会议等，练好正式的口语就很有必要了，这就是句子库法。方法如下：a.在阅读过程中、从书本例句中、从对话中看、听到地道、标准、典型、或优美的句子摘抄下来。b.将每一个摘抄的句子分别记在不同卡片或纸条上随身携带。c.随时取出尽量做到大声、快速、清晰地读几遍。d.经常回忆所记的句子。e.积累到一定量后分类总结设立“自己”的句子库。
华尔街英语专家提示；注意事项：a.一定要是“自己”的句子库，现有的这类辞典由于你未背熟所以不是你“自己的”，不过可利用它来对句子进行分类摘抄，以便查找。b.一定要对句子达到随口而出的地步。c.背诵的诗歌、文章也属“句子库”范畴。d.对自己背的句子、文章还可采用复述的方式来锻炼自己的表达能力，这对自己的语法、单词量、反应速度都是很好的考验。
在实际生活中，在各种不同的情景或场合、对不同的对象表达某一意念时常使用的习惯用语并不太多。这些用语大多具有固定的句型，往往不能用汉译英的方式直译出来。一个对口语句型熟练的人，只要掌握了2500～3000个常用词和短语，就能较自由地表达自己的思想。在学汉语时，我们知道“熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也会吟”，英语学习也是这样，可以这么说，如能熟背英语三百句，口语交流基本没问题。更何况那些优美的句子还会给人带来美的享受呢！还需要注意的是，为了很好地进行口语会话，需要记忆一些过渡性、装饰性词语和插入语句。
对话总是双向的，除了说得出，还要能听得懂。想练好听力，只有靠多听。需要提醒大家的是，由于英语已经成为一种国际性语言，大多数国家的商务、技术人员都会说，可是由于受母语影响，很多国家和地区的人发音并不很准确，甚至以英语为母语的国家也有地方口音——就如我国各地的方言一样。例如，苏格兰人通常会吞掉一些音节，澳大利亚人常将“today”说成“todie”；不少新西兰人把“set”说成“sit”；拉丁语系的人说英语，有r结尾的单词往往加上小舌颤音；日本人说英语r与l分不清；东南亚的人说英语往往夹杂着本国母语的语调，而且t音常用d来代，等等。在对话时应注意，而且平时也应适当听听这些国家的英语台作为练习。
学习英语的目的就是为了交流，口语能力差会使你不敢与人对话，从而无法交流。希望大家能运用好本文介绍的两大法宝，把口语学好。
好句子
The insight about risks is limited by the randomness inherent in nature and the lack of sufficient information related to the chances of risk occurrence and the potential consequences of such occurrence. As a result, risk assessment is inherently linked with uncertainty.
Further factors triggering soil erosion as a major geogene threat lie in the enforced slope instability by artificial water-level fluctuations, deforestation, and increase in agricultural land use on extremely steep sloping areas combined with improper management practices
At the same time, the vegetative soil cover highly contributes to a protection of topsoils against erosive processes.
The conventional MCDA approach typically expresses all inputs as deterministic, however, in a real world groundwater remediation system, imprecise and vague information may exist [13–19]. It is thus desired that a systematic assessment approach for combining inputs from contaminant concentrations obtained by simulation model, health-risk guidelines, system costs analysis and stakeholder views be advanced to accomplish a sound analysis of available remediation options under uncertainty
these uncertainties may be derived from aquifer heterogeneity and physical, chemical, and biological properties of the contaminants being released and transported, which finally results in variations of the criteria performance values in MCDA matrix. In addition, the modeling and decision-making processes through MCDA techniques are complicated with a variety of uncertainties.
the results show the advantages of the proposed approach in terms of cost and sustainability【科学句子】
Therefore, a question whether or when the vehicles should leave the waiting line and directly to other coal-mine sites To do and to simultaneously do would be encountered to balance the purchase cost and waiting cost to minimize the total cost.
The hydrology of the basin is the main driving force for the transport of nutrients, sediment, or other properties.
The problem confronting decision makers is how to optimize agricultural activities
such as land use, water use, crop cultivation, livestock breeding and manure/fertilizer application under the given economic, environmental, social and technical
objectives/restrictions.
The excessive nutrient loading from agricultural activities is considered to be the principal source of NPS pollution, triggering unprecedented eutrophication to water bodies of China in recent decades. A regional electric-power system is proposed for demonstrating the developed
QIF-EPS model based on representative cost and technical data from electric-power systems planning literatures.
The system is complicated with multiple processes and activities as well as
uncertainties related to various economic and technical parameters, which may affect the relevant optimization analyses and the associated decision making.
In this study, a stretch of river approximately 51 km long (from the town of Gufu to the estuary) with two tributaries (Baisha and Gaolan Rivers) is examined.
The study system is complicated with uncertainties related to various economic and technical parameters as well as the process of energy demand/supply, conversion, transmission, consumption, CO2-emission inventory control measures.
Obviously, model (1) can deal with uncertainties in the right hand sides presented as random variables when coefficients in the left-hand sides and in the objective function are deterministic. However, in many real-world problems, results produced by
optimization techniques can be rendered highly questionable if the modeling inputs cannot be expressed with precision. When only limited or imprecise information is available while the MSP method is used, the detailed probabilistic distributions will need to be generated based on unrealistic assumptions, resulting in potential errors with the modeling inputs. Moreover, uncertainties in stream inflows may contain not only randomness with probability distributions but also fuzziness in individual events (of the realized inflows) with varied probability levels. This leads to dual uncertainties existing in the stream inflows.
However, in many real world practical problems, it is often difficult to build a
probability distribution due to the lack of data or the high cost for getting the data. Uncertainties may be related to the errors in acquired data, the variations in spatial and temporal units, and the incompleteness or impreciseness of observed information (Freeze et al., 1990). For example, in water-resources management systems, the storage capacity of a nonregulated reservoir may have statements expressed as ‘‘probably 45010 6 to 47010 6m3 ’’ or ‘‘possibly 45010 6 to 470106m3 ’’. This may lead to dual uncertainties of randomness and fuzziness due to the fact that decision makers express different subjective judgments upon a same problem.
写模糊不确定性来源
Of particularly interest is the total nitrogen (TN) loadings whose contribution from the land surface to the North Atlantic Ocean, has increased from 5 to 20 folds in
comparison to the pre-industrial/natural level
force the forecasted streamflow with a nutrient load estimation (LOADEST) model to obtain daily TN forecasts加强 The main difficulty is response of both systems’ interactions and develops
management strategies that can address surface water and aquifer regulation simultaneously, particularly for many semiarid and arid regions.
Fuzzy analysis approaches were effective for addressing uncertainties from expert judgment or subjective interpretation of available information
In general, the FMP methods are classified into three categories in view of the forms of uncertainties: (i) fuzzy flexible programming (FFP), (ii) fuzzy possibilistic programming (FPP), and (iii) robust programming (RP) (Inuiguchi and Ramik, 2000) Concretely, the risk-neutral two-stage stochastic programming model takes the expected system cost as the objective function without considering risk-averting issues which may lead to excessive waste when the waste generation rate is in an extra-high condition.
Conditional value-at-risk (CVaR), having appealing features such as sub-additivity and convexity, can effectively quantify risks based on known probability distributions of random variables
Interval solutions, which are stable within the obtained decision space with varying levels of constraint-violation risk, can then be generated by solving the two submodels sequentially.
The developed RSOMS will be applied to a real case of Xiangxi River watershed for mitigating agricultural NPS pollution through effluent trading scheme, where various uncertainties in the effluent trading system will be tackled and trade-offs between the agricultural benefit and water quality concern will be analyzed.
For example, benefit and cost parameters as well as annual NPS loadings from cropped lands can be easier to be presented as interval values rather than PDFs.
The manager can formulate the problem as maximizing the expected value of economic activity in the region over the planning horizon.
The model simulates the rainfall-runoff process by continuously accounting for the water content in four different and mutually interrelated storages that represent different physical elements of the catchment.
RONSO is developed by coupling SWAT model with …. Approach.
Regional air pollution has been a major concern for almost one century since it not only directly relates to human activities and economic development, but also poses a serious threat to public health.
It improved upon the flexible FLP method by enabling the modeling of independent uncertainties for fuzzy constraints.
Willingness to accept a low economic revenue will guarantee satisfying water quality requirements; a strong desire to acquire a high benefit will run the risk of violating environmental criteria.
Farmers want to know where they stand by providing foreseen information that is needed to make decisions for various activities and investments.
Such uncertainties can lead to interactive and dynamic complexities in terms of water allocation and diversion over a multistage context.
Uncertainties may be related to the errors in acquired data, the variations in spatial and temporal units, and the incompleteness or impreciseness of observed information (Freeze et al., 1990)
Given the county’s demands for economic growth and its reliance on the river for water resources, the problem under consideration is how to generate desired decision schemes in order to mitigate the adverse influence of the TGR and maximize total benefit under the given water quality restrictions.
The SWAT model has been gained international acceptance as a robust
interdisciplinary tool for modelling agricultural NPS pollution on catchment scale.
The proposed model will be applied in Xiangxi River watershed located in China for agricultural NPS pollution control such that various uncertainties within the effluent trading system will be tackled and trade-offs between the agricultural benefit and water quality concern will be analyzed.
Precipitation patterns in the tropics are characterized by extremely high spatial and temporal variability that are difficult to adequately represent with rain gauge
networks.
Therefore, it is desired that parameter uncertainties and predefined policies be
incorporated within irrigation planning problems so that water could efficiently be allocated among cropping farms to bring maximum possible benefits to the local economy.
所以，参数不确定性和预先确定的政策应该和灌溉规划结合，这样水资源才能高效分配，带来最优效益。 Agricultural sector being one of the major water users is also facing water scarcity challenges associated with increasing pollution and changing climate.
作为用水大户，随着污染和气候的加剧，农业同样面临水资源短缺的问题。 After being applied to agricultural lands, the atrazine can transport to water bodies by being dissolved in runoff and/or adhering to eroded soil.
施用后，除草剂通过溶解在径流中或附着在流失的土壤中而进入水体。 The distributed ones divided the watershed into multiple homogeneous units and routed up the flows with the horizontal and vertical interactions being reflected.
分布式模型将流域划分成多个均质的单元，再汇总流量，同时水平和垂直的互动关系被反映出来。
Distributed model usually has more advantages than lumped one in reflecting the actual fate of pesticide transport and providing more accurate forecasting.
分布式模型比集总式好，好在。。。 The developed simulator was also enhanced through incorporation of GIS and RS technologies within its framework to facilitate effective data acquisition and
management, as well as input/output presentation.
模型被加强，通过将GIS和RS结合到框架内，来促进。。。
The pesticide runoff includes dissolved and sediment-adsorbed pesticide transported by water from a treated land surface.
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学习英语的重要性已经是不言而喻的了，可实际生活中，由于对口语、听力训练不够，大部分高中毕业生、非英语专业大学本科毕业生口语发音不准、说话不流利且听力太差，无法用英语进行交流。这里我向大家介绍学习英语口语的两大法宝：科学聊天法与句子库法。
日常会话属于非正式口语。平时多去英语角，多与人用英语聊天，是练习英语会话的不二法门。可聊天毕竟是为了学习口语，当然也要注意方法，即科学聊天法，方法实际上也很简单：
1)方法：a.聊天前做好主题准备工作，包括了解话题、查找所涉及的单词、准备能套几十个常用句型备用。b.身上装上一本15000词左右的英汉小词典和一本1万词条左右的汉英小词典。c.聊天过程中不要怕在对方面前查字典。无关紧要的话可以想法用其它句子说清楚，关键的词则一定要查字典。d.聊完天后应对从今天聊天中学到的单词、表达法、句型进行登记总结，并背下来。
2)注意事项：a.复习预习工作一定要做，只有这样每一次聊天才会有较大的收益。b.不要怕丢面子。成年人学英语最大的敌人是自己，尤其是自己的"面子"。c.自我对话与口头作文也是一种很好的口语训练法。
一般会话，非正式口语就足够了，可要参加技术交流、商务会谈、正式会议等，练好正式的口语就很有必要了，这就是句子库法。方法如下：a.在阅读过程中、从书本例句中、从对话中看、听到地道、标准、典型、或优美的句子摘抄下来。b.将每一个摘抄的句子分别记在不同卡片或纸条上随身携带。c.随时取出尽量做到大声、快速、清晰地读几遍。d.经常回忆所记的句子。e.积累到一定量后分类总结设立"自己"的句子库。
注意事项：a.一定要是"自己"的句子库，现有的这类辞典由于你未背熟所以不是你"自己的"，不过可利用它来对句子进行分类摘抄，以便查找。b.一定要对句子达到随口而出的地步。c.背诵的诗歌、文章也?quot;句子库"范畴。d.对自己背的句子、文章还可采用复述的方式来锻炼自己的表达能力，这对自己的语法、单词量、反应速度都是很好的考验。【科学句子】
在实际生活中，在各种不同的情景或场合、对不同的对象表达某一意念时常使用的习惯用语并不太多。这些用语大多具有固定的句型，往往不能用汉译英的方式直译出来。一个对口语句型熟练的人，只要掌握了2500～3000个常用词和短语，就能较自由地表达自己的思想。在学汉语时，我们知道"熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也会吟"，英语学习也是这样，可以这么说，如能熟背英语三百句，口语交骰?久晃侍狻８?慰瞿切┯琶赖木渥踊够岣?舜?疵赖南硎苣兀』剐枰?⒁獾氖牵??撕芎玫亟?锌谟锘峄埃?枰?且湟恍┕?尚浴⒆笆涡源视锖筒迦胗锞洹?
对话总是双向的，除了说得出，还要能听得懂。想练好听力，只有*多听。需要提醒大家的是，由于英语已经成为一种国际性语言，大多数国家的商务、技术人员都会说，可是由于受母语影响，很多国家和地区的人发音并不很准确，甚至以英语为母语的国家也有地方口音--
洛基国际英语
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就如我国各地的方言一样。例如，苏格兰人通常会吞掉一些音节，澳大利亚人常将"today"说成"todie"；不少新西兰人把"set"说成"sit"；拉丁语系的人说英语，有r结尾的单词往往加上小舌颤音；日本人说英语r与l分不清；东南亚的人说英语往往夹杂着本国母语的语调，而且t音常用d来代，等等。在对话时应注意，而且平时也应适当听听这些国家的英语台作为练习。
学习英语的目的就是为了交流，口语能力差会使你不敢与人对话，从而无法交流。希望大家能运用好本文介绍的两大法宝，把口语学好。
“成千上万人疯狂下载。。。。。。
更多价值连城的绝密英语学习资料，
洛基内部秘密英语，技巧，策略
请在 网上 申请报名”
/retype/zoom/6fc1c4ecda38376baf1faec4?pn=2&x=0&y=1359&raww=149&rawh=34&o=png_6_0_0_362_1142_168_39_892.979_1262.879&type=pic&aimh=34&md5sum=a687df241fe19b0b016cbf1f12fd9f5c&sign=0662c1c9f4&zoom=&png=12990-&jpg=0-0" target="_blank">科学句子(四)：与科学有关的语句
1、要学会做科学中的粗活。要研究事实，对比事实，积聚事实。
2、一切都会过去，只有真理永存。
3、科学是使人的精神变得勇敢的最好途径。与科学有关的语句。
4、地球是人类的摇篮，但是人不能永远生活在摇篮里，他们不断地争取着生存世界和空间，起初小心翼翼地穿出大气层，然后就是征服整个太阳系。
5、因为真理是灿烂的，只要有一个罅隙，就能照亮整个田野。
6、除了知识和学问之外，世上没有任何其他力量能在人的精神和心灵中，在人的思想、想象、见解和信仰中建立起统治和权威。
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