【www.gbppp.com--经典美文】
题目：使用电脑的利弊
People can go to shop, bank and work with computer. But the danger of the computer is people are getting isolated and losing some social skills. To what extent do you agree with this opinion?
范文：The progression of computer is inevitable and undeniable. Nowadays computers also have become a part of our daily life. Instead of leaving home to go to shop bank and work people can do these at home by clicking the buttons. However, some people hold the opinion that it will cause people isolated from each other and lose social skills.
Personally I find it hard for me to agree with this opinion by following reasons
In the first instance, computers are tool to communication with people instead of isolation from the world. When we say a person is isolated it means that he is lonely and cut off the world. However, people seldom have this feeling while they are surfing the Internet. On the contrary, people tend to make more friends through the net.
Secondly, people also can acquire social skills on Internet. Communication on Internet has the same purpose as face-to-face communication has. For example, through Internet we can send greeting cards to our friends. Furthermore, sometimes it might be a better way of communication on some occasions such as when you find it embarrassing to say sorry face to face we can send a message of apology to your friend.
Last but not least, doing something through Internet actually spares more time for our social life. Sometime we need to spend a lot of time shopping in department stores. Now we can save the time and may visit our friends.
In general, computer just make our life more colorful so we don’t need to worry about the changes its may bring to us. Especially most of these changes are positive.
题目:The government should control the amount of violence in films and on television in order to decrease the violent crimes in society. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this issue？
范文
It is widely acknowledged that the amount of violence in films and on TV is one of the direct causes that lead to our high crime rate in our society. The voice of demanding the government to control violent scenes in media has been much louder than before. Personally, I totally agree with this voice.(论点)
First and foremost, violence on TV or in films is often as extreme as possible in order to attract audiences and this will definitely set a bad example for those immature audiences, who lacking correct guidance and are most likely to copy the violent behaviors and commit real violent
crimes.（论据） For example, teenagers will regard those killers and murderers in the films and on TV as role models and copy their behaviors. It is recently reported in the news that a seventeen-year-old killed his parents out of hatred.
Furthermore, media, such as TV or film, is considered as the correct information source regulated by the government. It should be reporting and reflecting true phenomena in the society. Violence certainly has to be reported. However, excessive violence is offering misleading information to the public.
In a word, what the government has to do immediately is to take effective measures to control the amount of violence in media. Only in this way, can our society enjoy high level of security and peace.（结论）
题目：Some reports have discovered the incidence of violence for young women is increasing. Give possible reasons and recommendations to the situation.
It is reported that the proportion of young female criminal unfolds a steady increasing trend， and women crime， especially the young female's delinquency has become a serious social problem indeed. Young women， as the most peaceable parts of human， are always regarded as the last aim by the police office. Why they go astray is mainly due to the
two following reasons： one is their own character peculiarity， the other is from social pressure.
For one thing， the female is sensitive to the trifles and sentimental to the reins and loves. Sensitivity often puts them to the edge
unnecessarily and forms extreme ideas， which frequently leads to direct criminal. Frangibility of sensibility makes them so depressed and despaired that they have a high probability to do the illegal behavior when they slip down in loves.
As for the latter reason， the social pressure comes of traditionally sexual discrimination and survival competition. It is no denying the fact that the contemporary including the women are confronted with the more severe competition than their ancestors were， and in addition to this point， females still have to struggle with the deep-booted discrimination. When young women make their debut in the society， all kinds of crises， trouble and pressure lay them into flat， which compels them to avenge and relieve their feeling with lawless methods in unassisted situation. Ponderance of young female criminal reveals long-term negligence to the female's inner and outer circumstance. It is almost impossible to change female's nature， so the society should take more care of women， especially for the young women. For example， some psychological courses and the methods of solving problem are effective
measures to adjust the mood of women. In the meantime， prejudice to women should be out of the social stage and fair， equal and friendly atmosphere should be set up， which can help women to take part in the formal and rational contention. Additionally， the society should approbate the female's indispensable position of community and encourage them to show their special aptitude and intelligence. 题目：政府应该怎么做才能减少垃圾数量
范文：
Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening? What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?
I think it is true that in almost every country today each household and family produces a large amount of waste every week. Most of this rubbish comes from the packaging from the things we buy, such as processed food.
The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a daily basis than families did in the past. Convenience is also very important in modern life, so we buy packaged or canned food that can be transported from long distances and stored until we need it, first in the supermarket, and then at home.
However, the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency
Discuss the Gricean account of the semantics and pragmatics of
conjunctive utterances
Introduction
Semantics studies the meaning and it is concerned with the literal meaning of words and sentences. Semantics focuses on the relationship between signifiers, such as words, phrases, symbols and signs, and what they stand for. While the transmission of meaning doesn’t only depend on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. lexicon, grammar etc.) of the listener and speaker but also depend on the context of the utterance, the inferred intent of the speaker, knowledge about the status of those involved, and so on. (Shaozhong, Liu, 2009) Pragmatics is the study of the contributions of context to meaning, and it encompasses conversational implicature, speech act theory, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in sociology, philosophy, and linguistics. (Mey, Jacob L, 1993)
The semantics and pragmatics of conjunctive utterances
Generally many semantic theories (Russell 1905, Frege 1892, Davidson 1967, Kaplan 1977/89, Segal and Larson 1995) concern truth conditions (Carston, 1999). Grice’s (1967) influential concepts showed in addition to what a speaker says, that is both largely conventional and the content on the basis of which her utterance will be judged true or false, and a speaker may also convey implicatures which don’t affect the truth-value of what she says; so these conversational implicatures are calculated by assuming speakers are being cooperative and adhering to the certain expected standards of informativeness, truthfulness, relevance, and manner of expression (Grice, 1975). That suggests a natural way of drawing the semantics-pragmatics distinction that is semantics will correspond to the truth-conditional content of the
utterance, and the pragmatics to the conveyed meaning which falls outside the truth-conditional content.
So semantic content could be equated with Grice’s what is said, and it has two features. Firstly it is the truth-conditional content of the utterance, and secondly it is determined almost entirely by the encoded, conventional meaning of the linguistic expressions used. And as Grice acknowledged, the truth-conditional content isn’t completely free of contextual input, and in some brief comments on the utterance of “He is in the grip of a vice”, one says, “for a full identification of what the speaker has said, one will need to know (a) the time of utterance, (b) the identity of x, and (c) the meaning, on the particular occasion of utterance, of the phrase in the grip of a vice” (1975/89: 25). But he seemed not to see these processes of reference assignment and disambiguation as requiring appeal to the conversational maxims; instead, the concept seems to be that they are resolved more automatically, and the requisite values being something like objective features of the utterance’s context (Carston, 2002).
A particular division of labor between semantics and pragmatics of Grice (1967) has prevailed in the account of what is communicated by utterances of and-conjunctions. For instance:
a. It’s autumn in New Zealand it is spring in England and.
b. He handed her the scalpel and she made the incision.
c. We spent the day in town and I went to Harrods.
d. She fed him poisoned stew and he died.
e. I left the door open and the cat got in.
“And” is taken to be pretty well semantically empty and it’s taken to be the natural language equivalent of the truth-functional logical conjunction operator. The pragmatics focuses on variety of cause-consequence, temporal and other sorts of relationships understood to hold between the states of affairs which are described, some of that come through in the asymmetrical examples in (1b)-(1e). For example, we all understand the making of the scalpel and the interval of a few seconds to have intervened; and a quite different temporal relation is understood to hold between the states of affairs which are described in (1c), and the event of going to Harrods interpreted as contained within the period of time that is spent in town. The different sorts of consequence relationships are understood in (1d) and (1e): and the feeding of poisoned stew is the sufficient cause for death the leaving open of the door is just one of the range of factors contributing to the cat’s getting in.
These relationships are taken to be derived inferentially via the interaction of the decoded-semantic content with the general knowledge assumptions about the way things connect up and relate in the world, the interaction constrained by some general criterion and criteria of rational communicative behavior.
An interpretation has the two properties as following:
An utterance, on a given interpretation, is optimally relevant:
(a) it achieves enough effects to be worth the hearer’s attention;
(b) it puts the hearer to no gratuitous effort in achieving those effects.
(Wilson and Sperber, forthcoming) Once the listener has accessed an interpretation consistent with the expectation he looks no further but takes this to be the interpretation the speaker intended. The utterance, on a given interpretation is consistent with the presumption of optimal relevance if the speaker can rationally have expected it to be optimally relevant to the
listener on that interpretation. The implications of the definition are fully discussed elsewhere.
As with any utterance there is a range of possible interpretations of (1d) that are compatible with the linguistically encoded, semantic and content. Two of the logical possibilities for (1d) are as following:
a. She fed him poisoned stew and as a result he died shortly after.
b. She fed him poisoned stew and he died years later in a car crash.
Though these are both possible and consistent, the first sentence is absolutely more likely to be recovered by the listener, and to have been intended by the speaker, than the second sentence. That’s because everyone knows that poison can cause the death and that one who knowingly feeds someone poison is most likely doing that with the intention of killing the person. And the relevance-theoretic pragmatic account captures the intuitions without seting up any special principles telling listeners to interpret in accordance with their standard stereotypic assumptions.
Conclusion
The current state of the debate relating the interface between semantics and pragmatics is the upshot of the revolutionary period in the research of meaning known as radical pragmatics and aided by the views of ordinary language philosophers. The two relatively separate disciplines, the formal research of sentence meaning and the relatively informal research of the properties of speech acts became more and more intertwined as a result of the adoption of the semantic underdetermination and the admittance of the pragmatic inference about the speaker’s intentions, as well as other contextbound informations, into the semantic content. That facilitated the shift of the centre of attention from the sentence to the utterance. But the direction of change
hasn’t been steady throughout the past three decades. Attempts keep semantics and pragmatics apart either through denying that semantics has to provide the propositions and hence truth-conditional content, or through keeping the objectives of the semantics and pragmatics apart and stressing the theoretical utility of the sentence’s truth conditions, just like minimalists of the syncretic flavour do. And the dominant orientations are however various forms of contextualism. The state of affairs is undoubtedly aided by the overall desideratum to stay faithful to the speakers’ intuitions about meaning and to the view that the aim of the semantic theory is to cater for these intuitions. Whether contextualism will retain its power, succumb to the minimalism, or evolve into the radical form of occasion-meaning of the meaning eliminativism remains to be seen.
References
Carston, R. 1999. The semantic-pragmatics distinction: A view from relevance theory. In The Semantics/Pragmatics Interface from Different Points of View (CRiSPI 1), ed. K. Turner, 85-125. Oxford: Elsevier.
Davidson, D. 1967. Truth and meaning. Synthese 17: 304-323. von Fintel, K. and Gillies, A. 2011. Might made right. In Epistemic Modality, eds. A. Egan and B. Weatherson, 108-130. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frege, G. 1892. Über Sinn und Bedeutung. Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Philosophische Kritik 100: 25-50.
Grice, H. P. 1975/1989. Logic and conversation. In Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, eds. P. Cole and J. Morgan, 41-58. New York: Academic Press; reprinted in Grice, H. P. 1989, 22-40.
Grice, H. P. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kaplan, D. 1977/89. Demonstratives. In Themes from Kaplan, eds. J. Almog, J. Perry and H. Wettstein, 481-563. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Idiom Translation under the Chinese
and English Cultures
Class XXX
Student’s Number XXX
Name XXX
(说明：关键词Key Words为加粗。冒号后加空格再接关键词，相邻词间用逗号分隔。每个关键词的首字母大写。
从“摘要”开始到“参考文献”结束，所有正文的字体均为Times New Roman，12磅；两端对齐。均采用1.5倍行距)
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1.1 Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping,
2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼
An odd fish 怪人
Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
2.1.2 History
………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….
2.2 The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
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2.2.1 Colours
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2.2.2 Numbers
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3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
3.1 Literal Translation
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3.2 Free Translation
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3.3 Translation with Notes
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3.4 Replacement with Similar Idioms
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3.5 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….【英文论文范文】
3.6 A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
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4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
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5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名（英语的斜体）. （出版地：）出版社，年份：参考内容页码
[*] 作者. 文章名（英语的斜体）. 刊物名称. （出版地：）出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
毕业论文组成部分
第一部分：论文封面页（Cover Page）
第二部分：论文题目与摘要页（Title Page）
第三部分：论文致谢页（Acknowledgements）
第四部分：论文目录页（Contents Page）
第五部分：论文正文（Body）
第六部分：论文尾注（Endnotes）
第七部分：论文参考文献（Bibliography）
四川外语学院外语专业毕业论文范本
本科毕业论文
中文题目： 从功能对等看英语广告的翻译
外文题目:
系 别 专 业 × × ×
年 级 2004级
学生姓名 × × ×
指导教师 × × × 结稿日期
四川外语学院教务处制
2008年 5月10
日填
2
On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light of
（空一行）
The theories which proposed by Eugene and foreign translators for a long time, especially the theory of functional equivalence. Functional equivalence refers to the equivalence on the functions but not on the forms and structures.
In our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to express the ideas of the original works and realize the goal for sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.
This paper consists of three parts. The first part deals with the concept of functional equivalence and its aims and principles. The main aim of functional equivalence is to represent the information of the original work in the target language and achieve the equivalence of functions of languages. In order to make this concept clear, the author gives a brief introduction of different functions. Although different languages have different characteristics, their functions are nearly the same. That is to name the reality and to communicate with the people. The second part deals with the target, principles, requirements and cultural elements of advertisement translation. The third part, the most important part, points out the three main aspects of functional equivalence, semantic equivalence, social-cultural equivalence and stylistic equivalence. At the meantime, the equivalence on different levels and how to achieve functional equivalence in advertisement translation are also systematically illustrated.
（空一行）【英文论文范文】
Acknowledgements
（空一行）
First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor X, both for his intellectual guidance and for his warm and constant encouragement during the process of writing this thesis. With patience and prudence, he labored through drafts of this thesis and pointed out defects in my theorizing. Therefore, I owe all the merits in this thesis, if any, to him, though I am fully aware that the thesis might still contain some mistakes, for which I bear the whole responsibility.
My cordial and sincere thanks go to all the teachers in Applied Foreign Language Department, whose interesting and informative courses have benefited me a lot during my college years. The profit that I gained from their profound knowledge, remarkable expertise and intellectual ingenuity will be of everlasting significance to my future life and career.
I am also very grateful to my classmates, who have given me a lot of help and courage during my stay in the University and throughout the process of writing this thesis.
Last but not the least; big thanks go to my family who have shared with me my worries, frustrations, and hopefully my ultimate happiness in eventually finishing this thesis.【英文论文范文】
Noticing in SLA（小二号Times New Roman加粗居中顶页眉）
(空一行)
Abstract: This article focuses on the role of “noticing” and “noticing the gap” in second language acquisition. It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research. The aim of this paper is twofold: a) to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b) to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition. This paper concludes that 1) empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition, 2) an alternative view offered by Truscott (1998), which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge, is worthy of investigation, and 3) future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition. （小四；不分段；顶格）
(空一行)
Key words: noticing; metalinguistic knowledge; linguistic forms（小四）
(空三行)
（摘要、文章、参考文献均先在默认状态下输入，然后第二稿时再按照要求进行字体、字符大小、加粗等的编辑。如果中、英文摘要在一页里放不下，则将中文摘要另换页。）
二语习得中的注意（小二号宋体加粗居中）
（空一行）
摘要：本文着重研究了“注意”和“注意差距” 的作用，指出这一概念受到广泛重视是出于直觉和假设,而不是基于广泛的实证研究.本文旨在:1)探讨“注意”这一概念的理论构建；2）评估“注意”强化语言习得假设的有效性。本文得出结论如下：1)通过实证研究，证明了“注意”在语言习得中的作用；2）特拉斯科特在1998年提出的新观点是值得研究的，他认为“注意”只同元语言知识的习得有联系；3）如果能对学习者所受的注意语言形式训练和元语言知识的习得之间的关系作进一步研究，会帮助我们更好的理解二语习得中的“注意”。（五号）
（空一行）
关键词：注意；元语言知识；语言形式（五号）
（空一行） Contents（四号加粗居中顶页眉、）
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................I
2. The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing ...................................................I 2 .1 Consciousness raising and noticing................................................................................... I
2.2 Noticing and language acquisition ..................................................................................... I
3. Influences on noticing..............................................................................................................I
3.1 Task demands .................................................................................................................... II
3.2 Frequency .......................................................................................................................... II
3.3 Perceptual salience ................................................................................................................................................ II
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. II References ................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................................... iv
（目录用电脑自动生成的格式，把行距改成1.5倍行距
二级标题与第一级标题首字母对应
三级标题与第二级标题首字母对应
不设置四级标题）
Noticing in SLA（小二加粗居中顶页眉，每个实词首字母大写） （空一行）
1. Introduction （一级标题，四号加粗顶格；所有标题后均不加逗点或句点）
The significance of the role of conscious and unconscious processes and the notion of interface in second language (L2) development has been the focus of much debate in the general field of cognitive psychology. One proposal is that put forward by Burka (1996), who offers a hypothesis related to conscious learning that focuses on what Skehan argues is “the crucial concept of noticing” (Deleuze, 1986，p.48) （这是参考文献出处文中注的格式，p用小写）. The purpose of this paper is to a) consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b) assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition. [一级标题与一级标题之间空一行，一级标题和二、三级标题之间都不空行。 所有标题均顶格、并只有第一个单词首字母大写（除专有名词外）。]
2. The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing （一级标题）
2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing （二级标题，小四加粗）
The term “consciousness raising” refers to the drawing of learners' attention to the formal properties of language (Fee and Fox., 1988). However, a key difference between noticing and consciousness raising is that noticing has supposed implications for language processing and the actual acquisition of linguistic features.（每段第一行退进4个空格）
2.2 Noticing and language acquisition
Geertz (1973) identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning: awareness, intention and knowledge. Johnstone (1993) states that a) whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally, if it is noticed it becomes intake. To help clarify Schmidt’s hypothesis and the place of noticing in L2 acquisition the following model, proposed by Ellis, is useful.
(一级标题与一级标题之间空一行，一级标题和二、三级标题之间都不空行)
3. Influences on noticing
Jones (1978), in harmony with Schmidt's discussion of memory processing above, comments that it is inside short-term memory that noticing must in reality take place, since the “spotlight consciousness” (Magistrale, 1992, p.142) provided by short-term memory is
triggered by different influences on noticing. Schmidt (1990) claims that the following factors influence noticing in the input:
3.1 Task demands
Instruction provides structured, differentiated input that assists noticing by focusing attention on and enhancing awareness of language features (Pikarsky and Christensen, 1976).
3.2 Frequency
A language feature may become frequent due to repeated instruction or by way of teacher talk. As such, when the item does appear more frequently in the input, the likelihood
3.3 Perceptual salience
The more prominent a language form at input, the greater the chance it will be noticed (Skehan, 1998). It stands to reason, therefore, that the less salient a form, the less likely it is to
(一级标题与一级标题之间空一行，一级标题和二、三级标题之间都不空行)
4. Conclusion
It can be seen that there are various views regarding the role of conscious and unconscious processes in L2 acquisition. An important contribution to this debate has been Schmidt's “noticing hypothesis” and its claims about how input becomes intake, and this
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2．文章中参考文献文中注的引用出处格式：（作者姓， 年代，页码）或（作者姓，年代）如：(Magistrale, 1992, p.142) (Pikarsky & Christensen, 1976))
扉页（英文）
Cultural Factors in Chinese & English
Proverbs Translation
（Times New Roman二号加粗 居中）
by
Li Hairong
Wang Zhiyun, Tutor
（Times New Roman小二 居中）
Registered No. 09301040126
Faculty of Foreign Languages
Shanghai Business School
December, 2011
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