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选择题部分
I. Write an outline. (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for it.
Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social Conditions
Something that becomes very apparent when we study the topic of fashion is that clothes and style are related to so much more than merely an individual’s appearance. For thousands of years, fashion and style have been primary indicators about a person’s social status, sexuality, wealth, individuality, and overall personality attributes.
In the 20th century alone, each decade has been marked by distinctly different manners for dress for both men and women. Our Halloween tradition exemplifies this very clearly with “costumes” such as a 1920’s “flapper girl” and the 1960’s “hippie.” With deeper consideration, however, these differing fashion styles can be viewed as representative of the related social conditions occurring at the time.
As stated by Pasacoe, “The fashion of the 1920’s reflected the Jazz Age perfectly. It was made for fast automobiles and Charlestondance. For the first time in western fashion the knee was socially acceptable.” Although there are many theories regarding what causes fashion to change, the fact that social climate is reflected in styles of dress has a great deal of support. Perhaps the reason why so much change occurred in women’s dress in the early decades of the century is that so many changes occurred regarding women’s roles and fights within that same time frame.
Another decade in which fashion was strongly indicative of the underlying social conditions is the turbulent 1960’s. One of the most noted developments accredited to this decade is the introduction of the miniskirt. Many social historians relate the introduction of the miniskirt to the introduction of the birth control pill. Women became sexually liberated and the “free love” era began. These miniskirts came to symbolize the new liberation for women and the ssocial climate of the decade. As stated in Vogue at the end of the decade, “The length of your skirt is how you feel this moment.”
Towards the end of the 1960's, younger generations were rejecting the establishment and rejecting the idea of high fashion along with it. Students wore long hair, faded denim jeans, and flamboyant patterns. Many wore combat jackets and surplus shirts to anti-war rallies. As Hoeymaker stated, “By the end of the decade, cheap, flamboyant clothes became expensive designer labels. The hippie style became high fashion; in fact ‘anti-fashion’ became the biggest fashion of all.” In this case, clothes became a form of protest.
Overall, there are countless examples of how fashion is influenced by the social climate of the times. Over the past thousands of years, the socially “appropriate” styles of dress for men and women have varied tremendously. Regardless of what exactly constituted“stylish” fashion during any given time period, one thing that remains constant is that fashion has always been a significant aspect of one's life and the time in which they lived.
II. Supply the missing paragraph. (20 points)
The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.
Say No to Blind Optimism
“Is the glass half full or half empty?" This question is often asked to determine whether someone
is an optimist or a pessimist. In my view, even though we need to see the glass half full, we cannot deny the fact that the glass is also half empty. Having a healthy proportion of expectations makes us more realistic. Blind optimism, however, may foster delusions, result in frustrations and spoil relationships.
We all long for accomplishments, but sometimes we overstress the positive outcome of our effort and waste our time with glori ous plans that will never work. We indulge ourselves in delusions and impractical dreams. We fail to see that blind optimism only gives us false promises and clouds our sense of judgment. Ambition without clear directions cannot lead to a victorious experience. We need to understand that wishful thinking and delusions won’t work.
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Balanced optimism helps us to develop healthy relationships whereas blind optimism destroys them. One of the reasons for short-lived friendships is that we tend to expect too much of our friends. However, they may not always live up to our expectations. This gives rise to disappointment and misunderstanding. Friendships or relationships consequently turn sour. Some relationships may be seriously affected, with all parties experiencing much pain. A more realistic outlook helps us to understand human limitations, show more consideration for others and prevent excess expectations. To sum up, blind optimism does more harm than good and should be discarded. Saying no to blind optimism means we can fly but we fly with the safest bet, with the parachute, so that we don’t drop hard. It proves our ability to accept weaknesses and strive for the best. It gives us second options in our lives and alleviates the pains and disappointments that life imposes on us. This holistic attitude, accepting both positive and negative sides, will make us stronger and more mature. After all, a lotus is a beautiful flower that blossoms out of the mud.
IlI. Compose an essay. (60 points)
Some people enjoy playing sports individually while others love to play in groups. Which do you prefer? Write a 300-word expository essay stating your reasons.
自考英语写作大汇总 第一部分：图表写作套句精选
1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to……
该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。
2.the bar chart illustrates that……
该柱状图展示了……
3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding…… 该图为我们提供了有关……有趣数据。 4.the diagram shows （that）…… 该图向我们展示了…… 5.the pie graph depicts （that）…… 该圆形图揭示了…… 6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of…… 这个曲线图描述了……的趋势。 7.the figures/statistics show （that）…… 数据（字）表明…… 8.the tree diagram reveals how…… 该树型图向我们揭示了如何…… 9.the data/statistics show （that）…… 该数据（字）可以这样理解……
10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…… 这些数据资料令我们得出结论……
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited
diagram/graph/chart/table……
如图所示……
12.according to the chart/figures……
根据这些表（数字）……
13.as is shown in the table…… 如表格所示…… 14.as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have taken place in…… 从图中可以看出，……发生了巨大变化。 15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly that……or it is in the clear/apparent from the chart that……
从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到……
16.this is a graph which illustrates……
这个图表向我们展示了……
17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b from……to…… 该表格描述了……年到……年间a与b的比例关系。 18.the graph，presented in a pie chart， shows the general trend in…… 该图以圆形图形式描述了……总的趋势。
19.this is a column chart showing……
这是个柱型图，描述了……
20.as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuation of…… 如图所示，两条曲线描述了……的波动情况。
21.over the period from……to……the……remained level.
在……至……期间，……基本不变。
22.in the year between……and……
在……年到……期间……
23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998……
1995年至1998三年里……
24.from then on/from this time onwards……
从那时起……
25.the number of……remained steady/stable from （month/year）（month/year）。
……月（年）至……月（年）……的数量基本不变。
26.the number sharply went up to……
数字急剧上升至……
27.the percentage of……stayed the same between……and……
……至……期间……的比率维持不变。
28.the figures peaked at……in（month/year）
……的数目在……月（年）达到顶点，为……
29.the percentage remained steady at……
比率维持在……
30.the percentage of……is sightly larger/smaller than that of……
……的比例比……的比例略高（低）。
31.there is not a great deal of difference between……and……
……与……的区别不大。
32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of……
该图表表明……的数目增长了三倍。
33……decreased year by year while……increased steadily.
……逐年减少，而……逐步上升。
34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at） of[%].
……的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为……百分点。
35.the figures/situation bottomed out in……
数字（情况）在……达到底部。
36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough.
数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。
37.a is ……times as much/many as b.
a是b的……倍。
38.a increased by……
a增长了……
39.a increased to……
a增长到……
40.high/low/great/small/ percentage.
比低高（低） to
41.there is an upward trend in the number of……
……数字呈上升趋势。
42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred from……to……
……到……发生急剧上升。
43.from……to……the rate of decrease slow down.
从……到……，下降速率减慢。
44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel reduction in the……，reaching a figure of……
从这年起，……逐渐下降至……
45.be similar to……
与……相似
46.be the same as……
与……相同
47.there are a lot similarities/differences between……and……
……与……之间有许多相似（不同）之处
48.a has something in common with b
a于b有共同之处。
49.the difference between a and b lies in…… a与b之间的差别在于…… 50……（year）witnessed/saw a sharp rise in…… ……年……急剧上升。
第二部分：写作常识
一、图形种类及概述法：
泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table
饼图：pie chart
直方图或柱形图：bar chart/histogram
趋势曲线图：line chart/curve diagram
表格图：table
流程图或过程图：flow chart/sequence diagram
程序图：processing/procedures diagram
以下是一些较常用的描述用法
The table/chart diagram/graph shows （that）
According to the table/chart diagram/graph As （is） shown in the table/chart diagram/graph As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures， figures/statistics shows （that）…… It can be seen from the figures/statistics We can see from the figures/statistics It is clear from the figures/statistics It is apparent from the figures/statistics table/chart/diagram/graph figures （that） ……
table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how
二、data的具体表达法 data在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time 在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time 持续变化的data在不同情况下： 增加：increase/raise/rise/go up …… 减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall …… 波动：fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave …… 稳定：remain stable/stabilize/level off …… 最常用的两种表达法： 动词 + 副词形式（Verb+Adverb form） 形容词 + 名词形式（Adjective+Noun form） 1. Verb+Adverb form The number of XXX +increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuate……
+insignificantly/significantly/slightly/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/steadily/gradually/slowly……
+from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
2. Adjective+Noun form
There was a （very） sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight +increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuation （注意：上述很多词不可用于修饰fluctuation）
+in the number of XXX from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
描述稳定的data：
The number of XXX remained steady/stable from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
The number of XXX stayed the same from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
There was little change/hardly any change/no change in the number of XXX from from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间） 描述不同状态的data
Noun form：
steady drop/sharp rise peak/dramatic fall/sharp drop
Verbal form：
（to） bottom out/（to） reach the bottom/（to） increase gradually/（to） reach a plateau/（to） remain steady
描述the highest point以及the lowest point
高点极值：
The monthly profit/The figures/The situation …… +peaked in （月份/年） <准确时间点用at XXX> at XXX%/XXX（极点data） 或者reached a peak/a high point at XXX%/XXX（极点data） 低点极值：
XXX bottomed out/reached
+rock/the bottom/a low point
或者hit a trough
此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words/sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下：
并列： as well as（句首/中）， also， as well（句尾）， either， neither， too， moreover， furthermore， in addition， additionally， besides， what's more， apart from ……
举例： for example， for instance， to illustrate， as an illustration， in particular， particularly， especially
事实： as a matter of fact， in fact， actually， as long as， so long as …… 雷同/近似：similarly， likewise（句首/尾）， at the same time， equally …… 转折： however， whereas， nevertheless， nonetheless， though， although， even though， while， yet， on the contrary， contrarily， in contrast， conversely， on the other hand， unlikely， in stead （of）， in spite of， despite of …… 原因与结果
1. cause-suggestion （几乎不常用）
since/now that ……； I hope that……
because of/on account of/owing to/thanks to + （doing） sth， I hope that……
2. cause-effect （较常用）
XXX lead to/bring about/result in/ account for ……
（一个句子）， therefore/thus/hence/as a result/consequently/（and） so ……
3. effect-cause （较常用）
XXX be caused by/result from/be the result of/be the effect of/be the consequence of ……
（一个句子）， because ……
it is adj. that ……
it is unimaginable that ……
it is undeniable that ……
it is interesting to discover that ……
三、其它相关常用词（组）
1. 主章开头
图表类型：table； chart； diagram； graph； column chart； pie graph 描述：show； describe； illustrate； can be seen from； clear； apparent； reveal； represent
内容：figure； statistic； number； percentage； proportion
2. 表示数据
一般：have 10%； at 10%； over 10%
最高（低）点：peaked； reached a peak/high point
bottomed out； reached the bottom
变化：recover 略有回升； increase； jump； rise/rose； climb
decrease； fall/fell； drop； decline； reduce
fluctuate 浮动，摇摆不定
remained steady/stable； stay the same； little/hardly any /no change
英语写作大汇总
第一部分：图表写作套句精选
1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to……
该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。
2.the bar chart illustrates that……
该柱状图展示了……
3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding……
该图为我们提供了有关……有趣数据。
4.the diagram shows （that）……
该图向我们展示了……
5.the pie graph depicts （that）……
该圆形图揭示了……
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of……
这个曲线图描述了……的趋势。
7.the figures/statistics show （that）……
数据（字）表明……
8.the tree diagram reveals how……
该树型图向我们揭示了如何……
9.the data/statistics show （that）……
该数据（字）可以这样理解……
10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that……
这些数据资料令我们得出结论……
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the
diagram/graph/chart/table……
如图所示……
12.according to the chart/figures……
根据这些表（数字）……
13.as is shown in the table……
如表格所示……
14.as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have taken place in……
从图中可以看出，……发生了巨大变化。
15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly that……or it is clear/apparent from the chart that……
从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到……
16.this is a graph which illustrates……
这个图表向我们展示了……
17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b from……to……
该表格描述了……年到……年间a与b的比例关系。
18.the graph，presented in a pie chart， shows the general trend in……
该图以圆形图形式描述了……总的趋势。
19.this is a column chart showing……
这是个柱型图，描述了……
20.as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuation of……
如图所示，两条曲线描述了……的波动情况。
21.over the period from……to……the……remained level.
在……至……期间，……基本不变。
22.in the year between……and……
在……年到……期间……【自考英语写作】
23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998……
1995年至1998三年里……
24.from then on/from this time onwards……
从那时起……
25.the number of……remained steady/stable from （month/year） to （month/year）。
……月（年）至……月（年）……的数量基本不变。
26.the number sharply went up to……
数字急剧上升至……
27.the percentage of……stayed the same between……and……
……至……期间……的比率维持不变。
28.the figures peaked at……in（month/year）
……的数目在……月（年）达到顶点，为……
29.the percentage remained steady at……
比率维持在……
30.the percentage of……is sightly larger/smaller than that of……
……的比例比……的比例略高（低）。
31.there is not a great deal of difference between……and……
32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of…… 该图表表明……的数目增长了三倍。 33……decreased year by year while……increased steadily. ……逐年减少，而……逐步上升。 34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at） of[%]. ……的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为……百分点。 35.the figures/situation bottomed out in…… 数字（情况）在……达到底部。 36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough. 数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。 37.a is ……times as much/many as b. a是b的……倍。 38.a increased by…… a增长了…… 39.a increased to…… a增长到…… 40.high/low/great/small/ percentage. 比低高（低） 41.there is an upward trend in the number of…… ……数字呈上升趋势。 42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred from……to……
……到……发生急剧上升。
43.from……to……the rate of decrease slow down.
从……到……，下降速率减慢。
44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel reduction in the……，reaching a figure of……
从这年起，……逐渐下降至……
45.be similar to……
与……相似
46.be the same as……
与……相同
47.there are a lot similarities/differences between……and……
……与……之间有许多相似（不同）之处
48.a has something in common with b【自考英语写作】
a于b有共同之处。
49.the difference between a and b lies in……
a与b之间的差别在于……
50……（year）witnessed/saw a sharp rise in……
……年……急剧上升。
第二部分：写作常识
一、图形种类及概述法：
泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table
绝密★考试结束前
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试
英语写作试题
课程代码：00603
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注意事项：
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2．用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题上。
I. Supply the missing paragraph. (20 points)
The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words.Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.
The Positive Effects of Owning a Dog on Children
Dogs are the best friend of children. The dog and the child teach each other things and they look after each other. Owning a dog can have positive effects on a child’s development. Having a dog develops a child’s sense of
responsibility, broadens his capacity for empathy, and teaches him the nature of friendship.
____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
____________________
Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic.
A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn to understand what the dog’s behavior means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog’s mind. The result of learning to read a dog’s behavior is that the child develops mpathy. By learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.
Being considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good
friend.One of the most significant benefits of owning a dog is the example of true friendship that a dog provides. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference, or neglect. A dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positive qualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child who has learned to be as good a friend to others as his dog is to him will have learned one of the most valuable lessons in life.
These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a dog will last in the child’s entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy, and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable, caring, and mature adult.
II. Write an outline. (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it.
Acting out Metaphors Encourages Creative Thinking【自考英语写作】
It happens in schools, offices, and boardrooms everywhere: someone working on a project hits a mental block. A boss or teacher might resort to a metaphor like “think outside the box” or “put two and two together,” encouraging a creative solution to the problem. As it turns out, this isn’t just abstract advice. According to an upcoming issue of Psychological Science, literally working outside of a box or putting two halves of something together just might help those creative juices start flowing again.
Since physical metaphors regarding creativity are so common and appearing in several different languages, a group of researchers hypothesized that they may extend beyond mere metaphors. Their study indicates that acting out metaphors literally can affect how our minds work.
In the first part of the study, the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to perform a Remote Associates Test (RAT), in which the subjects were given three seemingly unrelated words and asked to come up with a word that relates to each one. For example, the subject might be given “measure,” “worm,” and “video,”and the correct response would be “tape.”
自考英语写作大汇总
第一部分：图表写作套句精选
1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to…… 该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。
2.the bar chart illustrates that…… 该柱状图展示了……
3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding……
该图为我们提供了有关……有趣数据。
4.the diagram shows （that）…… 该图向我们展示了……
5.the pie graph depicts （that）…… 该圆形图揭示了……
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of……
这个曲线图描述了……的趋势。
7.the figures/statistics show （that）…… 数据（字）表明……
8.the tree diagram reveals how…… 该树型图向我们揭示了如何……
9.the data/statistics show （that）… 该数据（字）可以这样理解……
10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…… 这些数据资料令我们得出结论……
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the
diagram/graph/chart/table … 如图所示……
12.according to the chart/figures…… 根据这些表（数字）……
13.as is shown in the table…… 如表格所示……
14.as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have taken place in… 从图中可以看出，……发生了巨大变化。
15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly that……or it is clear/apparent from the chart that……
从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到……
16.this is a graph which illustrates…… 这个图表向我们展示了……
17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b from……to…… 该表格描述了……年到……年间a与b的比例关系。
18.the graph，presented in a pie chart， shows the general trend in…… 该图以圆形图形式描述了……总的趋势。
19.this is a column chart showing…… 这是个柱型图，描述了……
20.as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuation of…… 如图所示，两条曲线描述了……的波动情况。
21.over the period from……to……the……remained level.
在……至……期间，……基本不变。
22.in the year between……and……在……年到……期间……
23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998……
1995年至1998三年里……
24.from then on/from this time onwards…… 从那时起……
25.the number of……remained steady/stable from （month/year） to （month/year）。 ……月（年）至……月（年）……的数量基本不变。
26.the number sharply went up to…… 数字急剧上升至……
27.the percentage of……stayed the same between……and…… ……至……期间……的比率维持不变。
28.the figures peaked at……in（month/year）
……的数目在……月（年）达到顶点，为……
29.the percentage remained steady at…… 比率维持在……
30.the percentage of……is sightly larger/smaller than that of…… ……的比例比……的比例略高（低）。
31.there is not a great deal of difference between……and…… ……与……的区别不大。
32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of…… 该图表表明……的数目增长了三倍。
33……decreased year by year while……increased steadily.
……逐年减少，而……逐步上升。
34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at） of[%]. ……的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为……百分点。
35.the figures/situation bottomed out in……
数字（情况）在……达到底部。
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