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真正世界末日：地球28亿年后寿终正寝
发帖者：bitgh | 发表时间 2013-07-06 15:15
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据国外媒体报道，地球何时将面临毁灭的命运呢？人类文明能延续多少年？来自英国圣安德鲁斯大学天体生物学家杰克·奥马利-詹姆斯通过计算机模拟表明地球将在28亿年后进入世界末日，地球上的所有物种将灭绝，届时地球上的海洋也将完全蒸发，仅仅剩下干旱的世界，如同现在的火星。地球生命将随着液态水的减少逐渐消失，有些生物可以留存到最后一刻，它们可以利用最后一点的液态水资源生存。根据模拟预测，未来10亿年内，增发量的增加、以及大气物化反应加剧，使得二氧化碳水平出现下降，植物和动物完全灭绝，地球将变成微生物的世界。
地球上的海洋将在未来10亿年内蒸发干涸，植物和动物灭绝后地球将再次成为微生物的世界，人类文明如需继续生存，就应该放弃地球寻找新的可居住星球
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同一时刻，地球上的氧气正在逐渐耗尽，温度升高导致海洋蒸发愈演愈烈，太阳核心聚变反应出现变化并逐渐增亮，奥马利·詹姆斯认为地球的环境将变得越来越恶劣，能适应这样环境的生物变得越来越少，植物和动物灭绝后只剩下生命力更加顽强的微生物，它们的生存范围被限制在局部存在的液态水环境中，或者温度更低的地方，比如土卫六上的地下湖泊、洞穴或者有其他热源的地下深处，此外，这些生物还有受到极端高温和强烈紫外线辐射的作用。
科学家进行这样的预测是寻找类地行星是否处于可居住的“时间区间”上，即恒星系统内哪个演化阶段适合存在生命，虽然我们发现了一些可居带上的行星，但是它们可能不处于可居住的时间区间内。根据该模型的最新预测，太阳的寿命大约为100亿年，留给地球生物的窗口大约只有恒星寿命的25%，这就决定了有些系外行星的表面环境已经严重恶化，如
果行星上存在生命，那么就会转移到地下生存，比如科学家现在判断火星上的生命已经转移到了地下，火星生命已经过了可在表面生存的黄金时间。
垂死地球的大气成分为氮气和二氧化碳，其中存在的一些甲烷被认为是唯一可标志生命存在的气体，根据估计，银河系内大约存在170亿至1000亿颗类地行星，即便是保守估计也有100亿颗，按照奥马利·詹姆斯的模型，其中大约有2.5亿颗处于可居住的时间区间内，进一步推测，一些外星文明的恒星可能寿命比较短，星际移民将会是一个普遍现象。根据不同的恒星系统，外星生命的演化方向也会不同，比如生存在双星（多体）系统中的文明就会侧重宇航技术的发展，寻找到合适的可居住星球。
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自然选择的结果是筛选出可适宜环境的生物，无法适宜的生物将会被淘汰，地球生命诞生之初就是微生物的世界，它们能适宜极端的环境，比如嗜热细菌，当地球进入生命衰亡期时，还将回到微生物的世界，科学家估计可抗辐射的嗜热细菌将是地球上最后的生命，时间大约为未来28亿至30亿年。如果人类文明要继续演化下去，就需要去其他星球上生存，否则就会被自热选择剔除。
当然，随着系统内的主恒星进入不稳定状态，有能力的外星文明必然会放弃原来的轨道，向更外侧的轨道迁移，永远在一颗行星上发展、延续文明显然是不可行的，放弃地球进军深空是人类文明的演化结果，因此未来或许不那么阴沉无望，宇宙高级文明需要具备恒星际航行的能力，文明的演化最终目的就是寻找适宜居住的星球，一旦太阳系不适合生存，那么我们就需要考虑去其他行星，甚至是离开太阳系前往其他恒星。
普陀区
1. 一部吸引观众的电影从一开头就能调起他们的兴趣。 （appeal）
2. 该自然保护区的工人们试图靠他们自己来清理，但他们的努力远远不够。(reserve)
3. 她昨晚已恢复了知觉，但是可能还要很长一段时间才能重拾网球拍。（consciousness）
4. 学校团体旅游对孩子们大量了解自己的国家提供了一个好机会。(excursion)
5. 许多美籍华人在美国经济中起着如此重要的作用以至于在某些领域，他们是不可替代的。(substitute)
1. A film which appeals to the audience can arouse their interest from the very beginning.
2. The workers of this nature reserve try to clean it by themselves but their efforts are not enough.
3. She regained consciousness last night, but there is still a long way to go before she plays tennis again.
4. A school excursion is a good chance for children to learn a great deal about their own country.
5. Many Chinese—Americans are playing such an important role in the American economy that in some fields nobody can substitute for them/ there is no substitute for them
杨浦区
1. 任何人都会犯错，但只有傻瓜坚持他的错误。(persist)
2. 缺乏户外锻炼不利于儿童的健康和成长。(lack)
3. 当新年钟声响起，关于世界末日的预言不攻自破。(prove)
4. 说谎者得到的惩罚不在于没有人相信他，而是他不能相信其他人。(not...but)
5. 新一代中国领导人将更加关注经济转型和提高人民的生活水平。(attention)
1. Any man can make mistakes, but only a fool persists in his error.
2. A lack of outdoor exercise is not good for children's health and growth.
3. When the New Year bell rang, the prediction about the end of the world proved wrong.
4. The liar's punishment is not that he is not believed, but that he cannot believe anyone else.
5. The new generation of Chinese leaders will pay more attention to the economic transformation / transition / restructuring and improving people's living standards.
长宁区
1.我最喜欢的运动是打网球。(play)
2.应该给予孩子们更多心理上的抚慰。(comfort)
3.不管多么困难，我们都应该按时完成这项利民工程。(however)
4.人们很少仅仅因为这座城市的生活节奏太快而决定离开。(Rarely)
5.她既然认为自己没有做错什么，那又何必要违心地当众认错呢？(against)
1. My favorite sport is playing tennis.
2. Children should be given / provided with more psychological comfort.
3. However difficult it may be, we must finish the project that benefits ordinary people on time.
4. Rarely do people decide to leave the city only because of its too fast pace of life.
5. Why did she admit her mistake against her will in public since she thought she had done nothing wrong?
闵行区
1. 小学生都喜欢看卡通片。(fond)
2. 据说这起交通事故中有多名乘客受伤。(It...)
3. 他的提议听上去很实用，但实施起来很困难。(sound)
4. 意识到犯了大错，我马上向在场所有的人表达了诚挚的歉意。(present)
5. 周游世界不但能帮助我们开阔眼界，还能为我们提供更多的机会去尝试新鲜事物。(...not
only...)
1. Primary school students are all fond of watching cartoons.
2. It is said that several passengers got wounded in the traffic accident.
3. His suggestion sounded practical, but it was difficult to carry out.
4. Realizing that I had made a serious mistake, I made a sincere apology to the people present.
5. Travelling around the world can not only help broaden our horizons but also provide us with more opportunities to try something new.
嘉定区
1. 诚实加勤奋有助于成功和幸福。（contribute）
2. 有些中学生为了“摆谱儿”， 一个月就换一部手机。（show）
3. 所有申请者，不论种族、性别、国籍都可被考虑。（regardless of）
4. 随着春节的临近，许多商店开始实行它们的促销计划。（approach n.）
5. 流行音乐之所以在年轻人中流行是因为它能满足年轻人表达自己情感的需求。（popular）
1. Honesty and diligence / hard work contribute to success and happiness.
2. In order to show off themselves, some middle school students change a mobile phone every month.
3. All applicants will be considered regardless of race, sex, religion or nationality.
4. With the approach of the Spring Festival, many shops start to carry out their promoting plans.
5. Pop music is popular among young people because it meets their needs to express their feelings.
虹口区
1. 青少年如今均可享受优质教育。(available)
2. 本研究课程旨在培养学生分析问题解决问题的能力。(intend)
3. 这款新药对感染了这种病毒的病人是否有效尚不知晓。（remain）
4. 为确保行程如期开始，要求游客出发前一个月申请签证。（guarantee）
5. 无论你学什么，最要紧的不是考试成绩而是学习过程, 这是学生常忽视的。（which）
1. High-quality education is available to teenagers now.
2. This research course is intended to develop students’ ability to analyze and solve problems.
3. Whether the new medicine will have any effect on the patients infected by this virus remains unknown.
4. To guarantee that trips can begin on schedule, visitors are required to apply for the visa one month before departure.
5. Whatever you learn, what matters most is not the result of examinations, but the process of learning, which is often neglected by students
松江区
1. More and more Chinese can afford to travel abroad.
2. It will not be long before the price of some medicine is reduced again.
3. In my opinion, reading English newspapers is most helpful to our English learning.
4. People always hold to the belief that the closer you stay to nature, the more you will appreciate her beauty.
5. Despite the rule that mobile phones are forbidden in class, my desk-mate still can't help playing phone games occasionally.
浦东新区
1. 我们为那位杰出的作家感到骄傲。(proud)【2036年世界末日】
2. 我认为David的表现没有Alice出色。(as)
3. 这些历经时间考验的经典作品总能开拓读者的视野。(stand)
4. 正是孩提时代对自然浓厚的兴趣使他成为一名享誉世界的生物学家。(It)
5. 屡次碰壁后，他意识到只有把个人利益放在一边，和他人合作，才能在工作中游刃有余。(unless)
1. We are / feel proud of that outstanding/excellent writer/author.
2. I don’t think that David’s performance is so good as that of Alice/Alice’s. / I don’t think David performed/has performed so well as Alice did/has.
3. Classics/Classic works, which have stood the test of time, can always expand/broaden/widen readers’ horizons/views.
4. It was his strong interest in nature in his childhood that made him an world famous biologist.
5. After getting into trouble/meeting with difficulties again and again, he realized that he couldn’t perform well unless he put aside his personal interest and cooperated with others.
徐汇区
1. 每个市民都应自觉遵守交通法规。(observe)
2. 那个小伙子的幽默感给面试官们留下了深刻印象。(impression)
3. 虽然网上的信息应有尽有，但要辨别真伪也绝非易事。(available)
4. 良好的睡眠有助于释放身心压力，而睡眠不足很可能导致各种疾病。(while)
5. 考虑到中心城区房价高，很多人选择住在市郊，而地铁就成为他们最经济便捷的一种交通方式。(so)
1. Every citizen must observe the traffic rules consciously / of his own free will.
2. The young man's sense of humor left a deep impression on the interviewers.
3. Although all kinds of information are available online, it is no easy job to tell which is true.
4. A good sleep helps you relieve physical and mental stress while insufficient sleep may lead to various diseases.
5. Considering the high housing prices in the central city area, many people are choosing to live in suburb areas, so the subway becomes their most convenient and economical commuting way /way of getting to work.
黄浦区
1. 成功的秘诀在于勤奋。(lie)
2. 运动在个人的身心发展过程中起了至关重要的作用。(play)
3. 这是意大利东北部的一座小城镇，以建筑之美而著称。（which）
4. 毫无疑问，参加各种国际交流项目会使学生们获益匪浅。（There）
5. 绝大多数的医疗专家持有相同的看法，即防止该疾病传播最有效的方法是用肥皂和水洗手。（prevent）
1. The secret of success lies in hard work / diligence.
2. Sports play a vital role individual's overall physical and mental development.
3. This is a small town in northeast Italy, which is famous for the beauty of its architecture.
4. There is no doubt that taking part in different international exchange programmes will benefit the students a lot.
5. Most medical experts share the same opinion that the most effective way to prevent the spread of the disease is to wash their hands with soap and water.
宝山区
1. 今天的报告有多少人缺席？( absent )
2. 对自己有信心是获取成功的第一步。( confidence )
3. 做了错事能及时为自己的所作所为道歉是有礼貌的。( It )
4. 因为他的优秀作品，莫言被公认为是世界上一名伟大的作家。( recognize )
5. “中国好声音”迷倒了许多年轻人，它也是2012年在中国最受观众喜爱的娱乐节目之一。( fascinate）
1. How many people/ are absent from/ lecture today/today's lecture?
2. Having confidence/ in yourself/ is the first step/ to success/to achieve success.【2036年世界末日】
3. It is good manners/ to make an apology to others/ for what you have done/ when making mistakes/doing something wrong.
4. Mo Yan is recognized/ as a great writer/ in the world/ for his excellent works
5. The Voice of China/ fascinated a large number of young people/, which is also one of the audience's/ favourite entertainment programmes / in China in 2012.
青浦区
1. Our school canteen serves sauce every day.
2. Please take the people and the environment around you into consideration when you travel.
3. I bet the new government will invest a large amount of money to improve the public facilities.
4. The profit made from the excursion around Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai in 2012 was ten percent ahead of the previous year.
5. Because the careless bridegroom left the diamond ring which represents the long lasting love behind on the car, the bride was very unhappy.
闸北区
1. 足够的休息有利于病人的康复。(do good to)
2. 似乎年轻父母更注重孩子的语言学习。(seem)
3. 关于世界末日预言传播虽广，但最终被证明为假。(although)
4. Tom忽视了心脏病发作的早期信号，结果付出了生命。(ignore)
5. 他在记者会上的言行相当出乎意料，以至令所有在场的记者均不知所措。(present)
1. Enough rest does good to a patient's recovery.
2. It seems that young parents pay more attention to a kid's language learning.
3. Although the prediction about the end of the world spread widely, it finally proved to be unreal.
4. Tom ignored the early signals of a heart attack and in the result he lost his life.
5. His words and deeds at the press conference were so unexpected that all the reporters present were at a loss.
崇明县
1. Everyone should make contributions to the world peace.
2. Participating in community activities is sure to benefit you.
3. The professor doesn’t care what to wear but is very particular about what to eat.
4. So excited was the elderly father after seeing his son’s photos that his eyes were filled with tears.
5. The moment I learned the news, I sent an email to my cousin, congratulating him on his winning the first prize in the English speech contest.
1. 人人该为世界和平作贡献。(contribution)
2. 参加社区活动一定会对你有益的。(sure)
3. 这个教授并不在乎穿什么，但对于吃什么却非常挑剔。(particular)
4. 那位老父亲看了儿子的照片之后激动得热泪盈眶。(So)
5. 一得到消息，我就给我表弟发了封电子邮件，祝贺他在英语演讲比赛中获一等奖。
(congratulate)
静安区
1. 没有许可，你不能使用该图书馆的设施。（access)
2. 据说医疗不能代替均衡饮食。（It)
3. 你把时间浪费在抱怨过去的失败上是没有必要的。（need)
4. 他能否会在大学第一年获得奖学金还是个问题。（remain)
5. 直到二十世紀末中国运动员才以他们在奥运会上的杰出表现让世人惊叹。（Not until)
1. Without permission, you won't have access to the library's facilities.
2. It is said that medical care can't replace a well-balanced diet.
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