【www.gbppp.com--经典语录】
Frequently asked question (in English)
Part Ⅰ Noun explanation
1. convert infection/subclinical infection(隐性感染/亚临床感染):it means only a special immune
response without or with very mild damage to the host after the agent entered which can be diagnosed by serologic means with demonstration of either a single high titer or a fourfold rise in titer to the infection. It is the most common model.
2. carrier state(病原携带状态):it is a person who is colonized with an organism but shows no evidence
of disease, although disease may have been present earlier. A carrier is a very important source of infection as the organisms can be disseminated from him.
3. latent infection(潜伏性感染):it means an organism enters a host and lies dormant( 静止的) for a
period of time, possibly for years, before producing disease as the host’s immunity decreased.
4. invasiveness(侵袭力):the ability of the agent to enter and to move through tissue.
5. source of infection(传染源): it is referred to a person or animal in which the pathogen stay and
multiply and can be disseminated .
6. route of transmission(传播途径): the route the pathogen entered another susceptible after been
disseminated from the source of infection.
7. susceptible(易感者): it is referred to a person who lacks immunity to a specific infectious disease.
8. relapse(复发):it means the return of symptoms after they have apparently ceased during
convalescence which is caused by the multiplication of the pathogen in the host. It is often seen in typhoid fever, malaria, et al.
9. recrudescence(再燃): it means the reappearance of symptoms after temporary cessation.
10. sustained fever (稽留热): high fever, lasting and little change in 24 hours, usually <1 degree. Often
seen at fastigium of typhoid fever, septicemia, and EHF.
11. remittent fever(弛张热): high fever, temperature changes > 1 degree in 24 hours, but the lowest point
of the fever is still above the upper limit of the normal temperature. Often seen in the defervascence of typhoid fever or EHF.
12. relapsing fever回归热): several days of high fever with interruption of a few days’ normality. typical
fever pattern in brucellosis and relapsing fever.
13. Intermittent fever(间歇热): temperature fluctuates between the high fever and the degree below the
normality. Usually seen in septicemia and malaria.
14. Irregular fever(不规则热):the fever curve is irregular. Seen in influenza or septicemia.
15. palmer erythema/liver palm(肝掌): This is intense reddening, mottled in nature, of the palmer aspects
due to vasodilation. Seen mainly over the thenar and hypothenar(大、小鱼际) eminences.
16. spider angiomata(蜘蛛痣):Spider angiomata are small red macules with fine red lines radiating from
it like "spider legs". They blanch when compressed(压之褪色). They represent tiny dilated collateral blood vessels and are seen in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis.
17. window phase(窗口期):The window phase is the time from exposure to the organism until one is
tested positive for the infection. Someone in the window phase may test negative but actually be positive and able to spread the organism.
18. street strain(野毒株/街毒株): it is referred to rabies virus isolated from the naturally infected animals
or human with strong pathogenecity and long incubation period.
19. fixed strain(固定毒株): After being subcultured in rabbit brain for many times (at least 50 times), the
virulence of the street strain decreased greatly, but its immunogenicity remained. It is called fixed strain and often used for vaccine production.
20. Negri body(内基本氏小体): Negri body is pathognomonic for rabies virus infection. It is oval
eosinophilic neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion measuring 3-10 micron in diameter. They are most consistenetly seen in the pyramidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells of cerebellum.
21. septicemia(败血症):Septicemia is an acute generalized infection caused by the invasion into the
blood stream of a pathogenic or an opportunistic organism. While staying persistently and multiplying rapidly in the blood stream, these organisms liberate toxins or metabolites which elicit general toxic symptoms and tissue damage of various organs.
22. bacteriemia(菌血症):The bacteria enter the blood and multiply in it, but stay only a short time and
don’t liberate toxins or metabolites which elicit general toxic symptoms and tissue damage of various organs.
23. pyemia(脓毒血症): The multiplying site of bacteria is also in the blood, but it is caused by pyogenic
(化脓性的)gram-positive cocci, metastatic lesions are always present, the symptoms are the same as septicemia.
24. toxemia(毒血症): The bacteria only live and multiply in the local parts of the body, they don’t enter
the blood stream, but the toxins and metabolites liberated by them do. The symptoms are similar to septicemia.
25. rose spots(玫瑰疹):They are blanking pink macular spots 2-4 mm in diameter at day 7~13 of typhoid
fever. The rash is seen most commonly on the thorax and abdomen, rarely on back and the extremities.
26. relative bradycardia(相对缓脉):it means pulse-temperature dissociation. It is usually defined as
increase in heart rate < 10 beats/minutes/1°C increase in temperature in adults. It is usually seen in typhoid fever, acute schistosomiasis, severe jaundice, et al.
27. herxheimer reaction(赫氏反应): It is caused as a direct result of using spirocheticidal drugs (mainly
antibiotics) to treat individuals with a spirochetal disease which results in an increase in the symptoms of the treated condition.
28. hemolytic urinemic syndrome /black urine fever: A serious, often fatal complication of malaria,
characterized by an acute intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria and hemolytic jaundice. It is often provoked by antimalarial drugs.
29. ectopic lesion(异位损害): the schistosome eggs and/or adult worm migrate and parasitize the organs
outside the portal venous system and cause damages. It is relatively high in lung and brain.
30. Hepatorenal syndrome: Acute renal failure occurring without other cause in a person with severe liver
disease. The exact cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknown. The kidney structure remains essentially normal and the kidneys often will instantly function well if the liver disease is corrected.
31. Widal’s test: A test involving agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum
containing typhoid antibodies from an individual having typhoid fever; used to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi.
Part Ⅱ: Qustion.
1. the five manifestation of infection(感染过程的五种表现)
Pathogen is killed or eliminated;
Covert infection or subclinical infection, it is usually the most common;
Overt infection or clinical infection: the pathogen enter the host and caused damages as well as
immunological response. It is usually easy to be recognized in clinics.
Carrier state: It is a very important source of infection;
Latent infection: it is usually seen in herpesviridae, tuberculosis, malaria, et al.
2. Please describe briefly the factors involved in the pathogenecity of a pathogen(致病能力包括哪几个方面)?
Invasiveness: the ability of the agent to enter and to move through tissues;
Virulence: it is consists of toxins and other virulent factors;
Quantity: bigger quantity, stronger pathogenecity in the same disease;
Variability: The pathogen may mutate under the pressure of the environment or host.
3. the prerequisite of an epidemic of a communicable disease?(传染病流行的必要条件)
Three prerequisite are required for a communicable disease to spread. First, there must be a source of infection which disseminate pathogen continuously. Second, there must some persons who lack special immunity to the disease, ie, susceptible. Last, the pathogen must reach the susceptible, the route of transmission.
4. the basic characteristic of communicable disease(传染病的基本特征)?
The main difference between communicable disease and other disease is that the former has four basic characteristics. All communicable diseases are infectious diseases and both are caused by a pathogen. But the former have infectivity/ communicability, it is the main difference between them. And communicable diseases have some epidemiological feature. In addition, there is post-infection immunity no matter covert infection or overt infection.
5. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of fulminant hepatitis/hepatitis gravis(重型肝炎的诊断标准)?
Fulminant hepatitis is a rare syndrome usually associated with hepatitis B. It is characterized by rapid clinical deterioration. Its diagnostic criteria in our country is:
Severe digestive disorder: poor feeding, nausea and frequent vomiting, fatigue;
Progressively deepened jaundice;
Hepatoencephalopathy;
Hepatorenal syndrome;
Decreased volume of liver;
Bleeding pronenss;
Rapidly increased ascites
6. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of cholestatic hepatitis?
Clinical symptoms: Jaundice is the main manifestation and it lasts longer than three weeks.
Skin itch is usually more severe at night. Rashes can occur on the neck, chest, back, and wrists.
Stool color becomes lighter and urine color becomes darker. Although there can be many
symptoms, the patient usually will not feel extremely ill.
Laboratory tests: Direct bilirubin in the serum elevated and its proportion is more than
60% of the total bilirubin. Serum combined bile acid elevated to 10 to 20 times higher than the
normal range. AKP, GGT, cholesterol, and 5- nucleotidase are obviously elevated, and the ALT
elevation is moderate.
B-Ultrasound: It can distinguish intra or extra liver obstruction.
7. common / main manifestation of acute viral hepatitis?
Malaise, anorexia, fever, dark urine, pale stools, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain and
tender hepatomegaly;
Increased liver enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin, prothrombin time and globulin;
Serum positive for hepatic virus;
May have history of recent ingestion of undercooked shellfish or sewage-contaminated
water.
8. the principal of wound treatment after bitten by a rabid dog(被狂犬咬伤后伤口处理)?
The wound should be thoroughly cleansed for half an hour, preferably with a quaternary ammonium detergent(季胺类消毒液) or 20% soap (which can not be mixed together); then rinse with 70% ethanol or iodine; damaged tissues should be excised and the wound left unsatured. Rabies can usually be prevented if treatment is started within a day or two of biting. For maximum protection hyperimmune serum and vaccine are required. One should pay attention to tetanus and infection of other bacteria.
9. the key points of blood culture
(1)before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever;(2)repeat more than 3 times;
(3)the amount of the blood sample should be>10ml in adults or older children, >5ml in infants;(4)blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for culture. ⑸ bone marrow culture is recommended; ⑹drug sensitivity test is very necessary.
10. therapeutic principals of fulminant meningococcal meningitis?
①specific antibiotics should be given intravenously promptly. The preferred drug is penicillin; ② anti-shock therapy; ③ use of glucocorticoids(糖皮质激素) such as methylprednisolone or DXM; ④ if clinical signs suggest cerebral edema or the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is very high, measures to reduce brain swelling are indicated; ⑤ anticoagulant therapy if DIC is present; ⑥ supportive therapy to maintain vital organs.
11. main manifestation of cholera(霍乱).
Cholera is an acute, sometimes fulminant watery diarrheal disease resulting from an enterotoxin elaborated by Vibiro. Cholerae in the small intestine. It generally occurs in epidemics and may cause a rapid massive gastrointestinal fluid loss with extreme saline depletion, acidosis, and shock.
12 main manifestation of malaria(疟疾)
The first symptoms of malaria are nonspecific, including the lack of a sense of well-being, fever, headache, fatigue, and abdominal discomfort. The classic“trilogy” of malarial paroxysm(发作) includes chills, rigors, spike fever(体温骤升骤降), and heavy sweating. The intervals are irregular in P. falciparum(恶性疟), within 48h in P. vivax(间日疟), and 72h in P. malariae(三日疟), respectively. Splenic enlargement is very common.
The diagnosis of malaria rests on the demonstration of the parasite in peripheral blood smears. Both thin and thick blood smears should be examined.
13. the prerequisite for the transmission of schistosomiasis(血吸虫病) .
⑴ the unsanitary disposal of faeces,
⑵ the presence of suitable snail hosts, a
⑶ human exposure to cercaria-infected (尾蚴) water bodies.
14. main manifestations of acute schistosomiasis?
The majority of infected person are asymptomatic or have mild, nonspecific symptoms. Only 5 to 10 percent of infected populations have severe clinical symptoms. They include chills, spiking fever, generalized weakness, myalgia, headache, anorexia, profuse diarrhea, and weight loss. Extensive urticaria may occur in large patches on various parts of the body. Nausea and vomiting are common and cough may be prominent. The fever usually lyses spontaneously 2 to10 weeks after onset.
Physical findings are usually minimal but many include urticaria, patches of moist rales over both lung fields, generalized lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Marked elevation of peripheral blood eosinophilia is common.
15.Hemodialysis indication :
⑴Oliguric lasts〉4d,or anuria 〉24h
⑵Concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increased:BuN〉28.56mmol/l
⑶High catabolism
⑷Hyperkalemia, 〉6mmol/l【传染病及其英语名称,】
⑸Pulmonary edema or hypervolemic state
15. Differential Diagnnosis of central nervous system infections
Meningococcal Purulent Tuberulous Epidemic Toxic
meningitis cerobrosoinal meningitis menigitis encephalitis Shigellosis Etiology Meningococcus Other bacterial T.B Encephalitis B virus Shigelle Onset abrupt slow slow abrupt abrupt Age <10year any age any age <10year children Season Win.&Spr. anytime anytime Sum.&Aug Sum.&Aug. Petechial common rare no no no
Early shock common rare no no common meningeal
irritation + + + + -
BR:WBC +++ +++ +/- + ++
N +++ +++ -/+ + ++
CSF:
WBC >1.0 >1.0 0.05~0.3 0.05~0.5 normal Glucose ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓ normal normal Chloride ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓ normal normal Stool
routine normal normal normal normal +
医院各科室的英文名称 来源: 金英华的日志
general hospital综合医院
Department of ophtalmology眼科
children hospital儿童医院
E.N.T.department耳鼻喉科
tumour hospital肿瘤医院
Department of stomatology口腔科
chest hospital 胸科医院【传染病及其英语名称,】
Department of urology泌尿科
field hospital野战医院
Department of orthopedic骨科
isolation hospital隔离医院
Department of traumatology创伤科
military hospital陆军医院
Department of endocrinology内分泌科
municipal hospital市立医院
Department of anesthesiology麻醉科
maternity hospital产科医院
Department of dermatology皮肤科
mental hospital精神医院
Department of infectious diseases传染病科
infectious hospital传染医院
Department of pathology病理科
leprosy hospital麻风医院
Department of psychiatry精神科
affiliated hospital附属医院
Department of orthopacdic surgery矫形外科【传染病及其英语名称,】
training hospital教学医院
Department of cardiac surgery心脏外科
out-patient department门诊部
Department of cerebral surgery脑外科
In-patient department住院部
Department of thoracic surgery胸外科
Nursing department护理部
Department of plastic surgery矫形外科
Admission office住院处
Department of physiotherapy理疗科
Discharge office 出院处
electrotherapy room电疗科
Registration office挂号处
heliotherapy room光疗科
Reception room, waiting
room侯诊室
wax-therapy room蜡疗科
Consultation room诊察室
hydrotherapy room水疗科
Isolation room隔离室
central laboratory中心实验室
Labour room待产室
clinical labororatory临床实验室
Delivery room分娩室
bacteriological labororatory细菌实验室
Emergency room急诊室
biochemical labororatory生化实验室
Ward病房室
serological labororatory血清实验室
Pharmacy dispensary药房
X-ray roomX光室
Nutrition department营养部
doctor’s office医生办公室
Diet- preparation department配膳室
nurse”s office护士办公室
Therapeutic department治疗室
director of the hospital院长
Operating room手术室 head of the nursing department护理部主任
Blood-bank血站
attending doctor主治医师
Supply-room供应室
resident doctor住院医师
Disinfection-room消毒室
intern doctor实习医师
Dressing room 换药室
chief physician主任医师
Mortuary太平间
associate chief physician副主任医师
Record room病案室
physician内科医师
Department of internal medicine内科
urological surgeon泌尿外科医师
Department of surgery外科
neurosurgeon神经外科医师
Department of pediatrics儿科
plastic surgeon矫形外科医师
Department of obstetrics and gynecology妇科
anestheist麻醉科耳医师
Department of neurology神经科
E.N.T.doctor耳鼻喉科医师
Ophthalmolgist眼科医师
Dentist牙科医师
Dermatologist皮肤科医师
Doctor for tuberculosis结核科医师
Physiotherapist理疗科
Doctor for infectious diseases传染病科
Dietician营养科医师
Pediatrist儿科医师
Obstetrician产科医师
Midwife助产师
Gynecologist妇科医师
Orthopedist骨科医师
Radiologist放射科医师
Epidemiologist流行病医师
Hygiemist卫生医师
Pharmacist药剂医师
Assistant pharmacist药剂医士
X-ray techmicianX光技师
Laboratory technician化验员
Head nurse护士长
Student nurse实习护士
Assistant nurse卫生员
Cleaner清洁员
医院各科室的英文名称
General hospital 综合医院
Department of ophthalmology 眼科
Children hospital 儿童医院
E.N.T. department 耳鼻喉科
tumour hospital 肿瘤医院
Department of stomatology 口腔科
Chest hospital 胸科医院
Department of urology 泌尿科
Field hospital 野战医院 Department of orthopedic 骨科
Isolation hospital 隔离医院 Department of traumatology 创伤科
Military hospital 陆军医院 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
Municipal hospital 市立医院 Department of anesthesiology 麻醉科
Maternity hospital 产科医院 Department of dermatology 皮肤科
Mental hospital 精神医院 Department of infectious diseases 传染病科 Infectious hospital 传染医院
Department of pathology 病理科
Leprosy hospital 麻风医院 Department of psychiatry 精神科
Affiliated hospital 附属医院 Department of orthopedic surgery 矫形外科 Department of plastic surgery
Training hospital
Department of cardiac surgery
Out –patient department
Department of cerebral surgery
Nursing department
In-patient department
Department of thoracic surgery
Admission office
Department of physiotherapy
Discharge office
Electrotherapy room
Registration office
Heliotherapy room
Reception room ,waiting Room
Wax-therapy room
矫形外科 教学医院 心脏外科 门诊部 脑外科 护理部 住院部 胸外科 住院处 理疗科 出院处 电疗科 挂号处 光疗科 候诊室 蜡疗科
Consultation room 诊察室
Hydrotherapy room 水疗科
Isolation room 隔离室
Central laboratory 中心实验室 Labor room 待产室
Clinical laboratory
Delivery room
Bacteriological laboratory
Emergency room
Biochemical laboratory
Ward
Serological laboratory
Pharmacy dispensary
X-ray room
Nutrition department
Doctor’s office
Diet-preparation department
Nurse’s office
Therapeutic department
Director of the hospital
Operating room
Head of the nursing department
临床实验室 分娩室 细菌实验室 急诊室 生化实验室 病房室 血清实验室 药房 X光室 营养部 医生办公室 配膳室 护士办公室 治疗室 院长 手术室 护院部主任
Blood-bank 血站
Attending doctor 主治医师 Supply-room 供应室
Resident doctor 住院医师 Disinfection-room 消毒室
Intern room 实习医生 Dressing room 换药室 Chief physician 主任医师 Mortuary 太平间
Associate chief physician n 副主任医师 Record room 病案室
Physician 内科医师 Department of internal medicine 内科
Urological surgeon 泌尿外科医师 Department of surgery 外科
Neurosurgeon 神经外科医师 Department of pediatrics 儿科
Plastic surgeon 矫形外科医师 Department of obstetrics and gynecology妇科 Anestheist 麻醉科耳医师
Department of neurology 神经科
E.N.T. doctor 耳鼻喉科医师
Ophthalmologist 眼科医师 Dentist 牙科医师 Dermatologist 皮肤科医师 Doctor for tuberculosis 结核科医师 Pediatricians 儿科医师 Obstetrician
Midwife
Gynecologist
Orthopedist
Radiologist
Epidemiologist
Hygienist
Pharmacist
Assistant pharmacist
X-ray technician
Laboratory technician
Head nurse
Student nurse
Assistant nurse
Cleaner
Controller
Registrar
产科医师 助产师 妇科医师 骨科医师 放射科医师 流行病医师 卫生医师 药剂医师 药剂医士 X光技师 化验员 护士长 实习护士 卫生员 清洁员 总务科长 挂号员
卫生部各司局机构英文名称
办公厅 Department of General Administration
综合处(保卫处) General Office (Division of Security) 秘书一处 Division I of Secretariat
秘书二处 Division II of Secretariat
文书档案处 Division of Documentation and Archives
新闻宣传办公室 Information Office
信访处 Division of Complaints and Appeal
人事司 Department of Human Resources
办公室 General Office
干部处 Division of Personnel
专业人才管理处 Division of Health Professionals Management 劳动工资处 Division of Labor and Salary
规划财务司 Department of Planning and Finance
办公室 General Office
规划与价格处 Division of Planning and Pricing
财务与资产处 Division of Finance and Property
基建装备处 Division of Capital Construction and Equipment 机关财务处 Division of Accounting
审计处 Division of Auditing
卫生政策法规司 Department of Health Policy and Regulation
综合处(卫生部WTO相关事务办公室) General Office (Division of
Affairs on WTO)
法规处 Division of Health Regulation
政策研究一处 Division I of Policy Research
政策研究二处 Division II of Policy Research
卫生应急办公室(突发公共卫生事件应急指挥中心) Office of Health Emergency (Center for Public Health Emergency)
综合协调处 General Office
预测预警处 Division of Precaution
应急指导处 Division of Emergency Preparedness
应急处理处 Division of Emergency Response
农村卫生管理司 Department of Rural Health Management
综合处 General Office
初级卫生保健处 Division of Primary Health Care
合作医疗处 Division of Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme
卫生服务规划管理处 Division of Rural Health Service Planning and Management
卫生执法监督司 Department of Health Law Enforcement and Supervision
综合处 General Office
本文来源:http://www.gbppp.com/jd/475631/
推荐访问:传染病分类 预防传染病